Ch 12 new (3)

FORCES OF
EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE
Chapter 12
Evolution is based on a wide range of evidence.
•EVOLUTION
• It offers an explanation for life’s diversity—the

features seen in all different organisms on Earth.
• Evolution is genetic change over time (change in
DNA)
 Some changes lead to the development of

different species.
 Evolution occurs in populations and not in

individuals (since an individual`s alleles does not
change)
 Alleles are a version of a gene…
MANY SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTED TO THE THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
• 350 BCE Aristotle- individuals in a species
are all identical and
unchanging
• 1749 AD Buffon- Species change as they
spread from
their original location
• 1809 AD Lamarck- New species come from
existing
species through environmental forces.
• 1859 AD Darwin & Wallace- Individuals in a
population are
different; species arise through the process
of natural selection.
DARWIN’S VOYAGE PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
1 2
• Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle for 5 years. He

collected samples and noted differences in populations as he
traveled.
• He reasoned that in any population, individuals that

cannot obtain essential resources would die
DARWIN`S FINCHES
• Charles Darwin studied finches in the Galápagos
Islands. He saw that their beak types matched up
with the foods they ate.
• Darwin thought the different finch species all

descended from the same finch ancestor.
3
EXAMPLE
 The ground finches lives on the Galapagos islands
 Their main food source is the seed of the Jamaican fever plant
4,5
EXAMPLE
 The bird population depends on seed production

 Seed production depends on the amount of rain in
the season….
 In 1977, there was a drought → fewer seeds were
produced
 As the season progressed, the ground finch
population depleted the supply of small seeds
 Eventually, only larger seeds remained…only
finches with large beaks could eat them…
EXAMPLE
 Most of the small beaked finches starved
 The population plummeted from about twelve

hundred birds to less than two hundred
EXAMPLE
 Larger beaked birds survived better than smaller beaked

ones
 They could feed on larger seeds due to their larger beaks
 These larger beaked birds had offspring with similarly large
beaks
EXAMPLE
 In the next generation, there was an increase of

large beaked bird in the population…because they
had survived to reproduce!
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION CHANGES ALLELE
FREQUENCIES
• In artificial selection, a human chooses desired
features, then allows only the individuals that best
express those qualities to reproduce.
• This increases the frequency of the desired alleles
in the population.
 This gave Darwin the idea for natural selection
as an evolutionary force.
6
• Charles Darwin saw that the environment of each
island influenced the survival and reproduction of
the finches living there.
• Finches with features best suited to the environment

were able to survive and reproduce better than the
others.
 Darwin proposed the idea of natural selection:
 A population`s characteristics will change over the

generations as advantageous, heritable features
become more common.
7
DARWIN AND WALLACE LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY BOTH SCIENTISTS
INDEPENDENTLY CAME TO THE IDEA OF NATURAL
SELECTION AFTER YEARS OF STUDYING NATURE.
ADAPTATIONS ENHANCE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
• Adaptations are heritable features that improve

an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.
• Short-term changes in an individual do not

constitute evolution (must be heritable
through gametes)
 Adaptive alleles become more frequent in the

population over time and help shape natural
selection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyRA807
djLc
NATURAL SELECTION ELIMINATES POORLY ADAPTED
PHENOTYPES AND CAN ELIMINATE ENTIRE SPECIES!
• As environmental conditions change, the phenotypes that
natural selection favors will also change.
• If the right alleles aren’t available at the right time, an

environmental change may wipe out a species. The
species shown below have become extinct.
8
NATURAL SELECTION CAN SHAPE POPULATIONS
 Three different types of
natural selection have
distinct effects on the
phenotypes in a
population.
• Disruptive selection-
favors both extreme
phenotypes
• Stabilizing selection-
favors intermediate
phenotypes
• Directional selection-
favors one phenotype
over another
9
FITNESS IS REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
• By itself, survival is not enough for evolutionary

“fitness.”
• Fitness depends on the ability to reproduce—the

organism’s genetic contribution to the next
generation.
THINK PAIR SHARE NOTE COLLABORATION
 Focus on completing Guided Notes #1-12 with your

partners!
 You will have the time below to collaborate!

*CLASS DISCUSSION-EXPLAIN THE IMAGE BELOW
USING VOCAB YOU LEARNED TODAY*
10
• Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is a
hypothetical situation in which allele
frequencies do not change between
generations. No evolution is occurring in
these populations.
• Each new generation is genetically
identical to the ones that came before it.
• A Hardy-Weinberg population can be
compared to real populations to see if
evolution is occurring.
 In a Hardy Weinberg Population:
1. Natural section is NOT occurring
2. Mutations DO NOT occur
3. Genetic drift DOES NOT occur
4. Sexual selection DOES NOT occur
5. Migration DOES NOT occur
 In real populations, the assumptions of Hardy–

Weinberg are always violated, meaning
evolution is taking place.
IN REAL POPULATIONS
Natural selection ALWAYS occurs

along with the following 4
things….
1. MUTATIONS CAUSE EVOLUTION TO OCCUR
 Mutations
create
genetic
diversity.
 Beneficial
mutations are
passed on to
the next
generation,
so their
frequency
increases
over
generations.
11
2. GENETIC DRIFT CAUSES EVOLUTION TO OCCUR
• Sometimes by random, only some individuals in a

population reproduce, causing a change in allele
frequency to occur purely by chance.
• Unlike mutation, which increases diversity,
genetic drift tends to eliminate alleles from a
population.
• We will learn about 2 types of genetic drift:
1. Founder Effect
2. Genetic Bottleneck
THE FOUNDER EFFECT CAUSES GENETIC DRIFT
12
• When a few individuals migrate away to establish a
new population, the allele frequency might change.
• This process illustrates the founder effect.
• Example: Amish and Ellis-van Creveld Disease

POPULATION BOTTLENECKS CAUSE GENETIC DRIFT
 A population bottleneck occurs if the size of a
population becomes greatly reduced (possibly after a
natural disaster). Genetic diversity in the new
population decreases as many of the alleles are lost.
 Only the
alleles in the
surviving
individuals
will be
maintained.
 Example:
Cheetahs
13
3. NONRANDOM MATING (SEXUAL SELECTION)
CAUSES EVOLUTION TO OCCUR
• Mating is rarely random. Sexual selection (mate
choice) and artificial selection tend to concentrate
alleles locally, which affects allele frequency.
• Many other factors also influence mating, including

geographical restrictions and physical access to the
opposite sex.
• Individuals with the sexually selected traits mate

the most and therefore pass along their genes most.
Mating is not random. Since Hardy–Weinberg does
not apply, evolution occurs.
SEXUAL SELECTION CAUSES EVOLUTION TO OCCUR
 For example, male birds of paradise have evolved

bright plumes to attract females
14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FNDETc
WjZ0
4. GENE FLOW (MIGRATION) CAUSES EVOLUTION TO
OCCUR
15
 Gene flow moves alleles between

populations and increases genetic
diversity. This can change the allele
frequencies in both populations.
HARDY WEINBERG POPULATION VS EVOLVING
POPULATION
 Hardy Weinberg=No evolution occurring  Evolution Occurring
1. Random mating 1. Non-random mating

2. No migration (gene flow) 2. Migration (gene flow)
3. No genetic drift 3. Genetic drift
4. No mutation 4. Mutation occurs
5. No natural selection 5. Natural selection
FOCUS ON COMPLETING REST OF GUIDED NOTES
WITH YOUR PARTNERS!
YOU WILL HAVE THE TIME BELOW TO COLLABORATE!

VIDEOS
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VM9YxmULuo
 Amoeba sisters
32
ACTIVITY 1- CH 12 VOCABULARY CROSSWORD
SOURCES
Citations:
 1- © Sémhur / Wikimedia Commons

 2 - Text and illustrations derived from the John Murray edition of 1913 titled A Naturalist's Voyage Round the World - illustrations by R. T. Pritchett, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons
 3-Carr, S. (2021). Adaptation in Darwin`s Finches. https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Adaptation_in_Darwins_Finches.html
 4- "Darwin Finch" by szeke is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/?ref=openverse.
 5- "Darwin's Finch" by Andy Morffew is licensed under CC BY 2.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse.
 6 -Amsel, S. (2023). Domestication of Dogs-Artificial Selection. Exploring Nature.
https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Domestication-of-Dogs-Artificial-Selection-Critical-Thinking-6-8-Grade
 7- Popular Science Monthly Volume 73, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
 8- Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
 9- Andrew Z. Colvin, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 10- Sandritaverooka, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 11-NIAID – NIH, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
 12- Tsaneda, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 13- Tsaneda, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 14-Bird of Paradise, gailhampshire from Cradley, Malvern, U.K, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 15-Tsaneda, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

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FORCES OF

• It offers an explanation for life’s diversity—the

 Some changes lead to the development of

 Evolution occurs in populations and not in

• Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle for 5 years. He

• He reasoned that in any population, individuals that

• Darwin thought the different finch species all

 The bird population depends on seed production

 Most of the small beaked finches starved

 The population plummeted from about twelve

 Larger beaked birds survived better than smaller beaked

 In the next generation, there was an increase of

• Finches with features best suited to the environment

 Darwin proposed the idea of natural selection:

 A population`s characteristics will change over the

DARWIN AND WALLACE LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR

• Adaptations are heritable features that improve

• Short-term changes in an individual do not

 Adaptive alleles become more frequent in the

• If the right alleles aren’t available at the right time, an

• By itself, survival is not enough for evolutionary

• Fitness depends on the ability to reproduce—the

 Focus on completing Guided Notes #1-12 with your

 You will have the time below to collaborate!

 In real populations, the assumptions of Hardy–

Natural selection ALWAYS occurs

• Sometimes by random, only some individuals in a

• This process illustrates the founder effect.

• Example: Amish and Ellis-van Creveld Disease

• Many other factors also influence mating, including

• Individuals with the sexually selected traits mate

 For example, male birds of paradise have evolved

 Gene flow moves alleles between

 Hardy Weinberg=No evolution occurring  Evolution Occurring

1. Random mating 1. Non-random mating

YOU WILL HAVE THE TIME BELOW TO COLLABORATE!

 1- © Sémhur / Wikimedia Commons

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