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17 views28 pages

Ch 21 Plant Form and Function Mine

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x5t8hxy5jk
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PLANT FORM AND Chapter 21

FUNCTION
TO-DO LIST
Tissues
Stems
Leaves
Roots
Growth
Flowers
Seeds
Fruit
TISSUES
Roots and shoots
 Roots are everything below ground on a plant
Shoots are everything above ground on a plant
Vascular tissue in plants function to:
 Carry water (xylem)
 Carry nutrients/minerals (phloem)
 Provide physical support for the plant
Plants also have dermal tissue that forms the outer covering of a plant and
ground tissue that fills in most of a plant
STEMS
Stems provide support for the plant and
help position leaves for photosynthesis

Stems have nodes where leaves attach


or where new shoots and roots form

Xylem and phloem run the length of


the stem as vascular bundles (each
vascular bundle contains xylem and
phloem together)

The arrangement of vascular bundles is 1


different between monocots and dicots
MONOCOT STEMS
Monocots – vascular bundles are dispersed throughout
the ground tissue
*Always herbaceous (which mean
Non woody*

2
DICOT STEMS
Dicots – vascular bundles form a ring that separates ground
tissue into pith (inside the ring) and cortex (outside of the ring)

*Can be EITHER
herbaceous OR
woody*

3
LEAVES
Functions of leaves includes photosynthesis and gas
exchange

Leaf veins contain the xylem and phloem vascular bundles:


• Xylem carries water to the leaves
• Phloem carries sugars from the leaves
LEAF
STRUCTURE
Outermost layer is epidermis that
secrete cuticle to prevent water loss
4
Stomata are in the lower surface of *Mesophyll cells
the leaf for the exchange of O2 and contain chloroplasts*
CO2. Stomata also function to regulate
water loss and open and close based
on environmental conditions

Monocot leaves have one layer of


mesophyll cells and dicot leaves have
two layers of mesophyll cells that carry
out photosynthesis using chloroplasts.

5
ROOTS
Functions of roots:
•Take up water and nutrients from the soil
•Anchor the plant in the soil

Two types of root systems:


• Fibrous root system – all roots are about
the same in diameter (do not have a
dominant, central root)
10
•Taproot system – has a primary root that is
especially thick with smaller roots branching
from it
ROOTS
Monocot roots have
rings of vascular
tissue surrounding
pith 11

Dicot roots contain


little or no pith

12
NOTES COLLABORATION
Focus on completing Guided Notes #1-7 with your partners!

You will have the time below to collaborate!


MONOCOT LEAVES

Monocot leaves are long and narrow and form a sheath around the
stem
This is called a simple parallel shape (because all the veins are parallel
to each other)

6
DICOT LEAVES
Dicot leaves vary widely in structure and typically have a short
stalk (petiole) that attaches to the stem
Simple leaves – undivided but may have lobes
Simple pinnates have
only 1
main midvein while
palmates have many!

Petiole

Simple Pinnate Simple Palmate 7


DICOT LEAVES
Compound leaves – divided into separate leaflets

Leaflet 9
8
Compound Pinnate Compound Palmate
MODIFIED LEAVES
Some leaves have been modified in
monocots and dicots for special uses!
 A. Bracts- used to attract pollinators
 B. Spines- used to repel herbivores
 C. Reproductive Leaves- produces small
plantlets that fall off to make new plants
 D. Tendrils- used by plant to climb
 E. Storage- stores nutrients or water for
plant
 F. Trap Leaves- used to trap insects to
eat
19
GROWTH
Plants grow from regions of stem cells
called meristems

Primary growth – roots and shoot


lengthen and leaves form from apical
meristems (located at the tip of a root
or shoot)

13
SECONDARY
GROWTH
Secondary growth – some plants go
through secondary growth in which their
stems and roots thicken and become
woody and begins in lateral meristems
(these are only found in some dicots)

Two types of lateral meristems:


14
• Vascular cambium – produces wood
• Cork cambium – produces bark
TREE RINGS
As a tree ages, so does the wood
15
Heartwood is the xylem toward the center that gets plugged and no longer
transports water

Sapwood is the xylem toward the outer part of the tree that still transports
water

Rings form over time and allow us to determine the age of a tree, the more
rings present the older the tree.
NOTES COLLABORATION
Focus on completing Guided Notes #8-13 with your partners!

You will have the time below to collaborate!


FLOWER STRUCTURE
A flower is the reproductive part of
an angiosperm
A typical flower has four main parts
From outermost to innermost:
1. Green sepals that cover the flower until
it blooms
2. Petals (usually brightly colored)
3. Stamens – male reproductive part
(contains filament and anther)
4. Pistil – female reproductive part
(contains stigma, style and ovary)
16
FLOWER STRUCTURE
A variety of floral forms arise depending on which genes are
expressed
• Number of blossoms
• Single OR Clusters (often called inflorescences)

• Symmetry
• Regular flowers have radial symmetry OR Irregular flowers do not have radial symmetry

• Number of petals
 Complete flowers have all parts of the flowers OR Incomplete flowers lack one or more of the 4 main parts

• Reproductive parts
• Perfect flowers have both stamen (male) and pistils (female) OR Imperfect flowers have only one or the other
POLLINATORS

17

Animal pollinators (bees and birds) are attracted to the scent emitted by
a particular flower → some can be very specific to the plants that they are
attracted to, therefore become dependent on the plant → coevolution.

Bees are considered one of the most important pollinators, but they are
also endangered!!

Some plants like grasses are pollinated by the wind and therefore do not
have special scents or bright colors to attract animal pollinators
FRUIT OF ANGIOSPERMS
After fertilization, the seed forms and the ovary of the flower develops
into fruit

Fruits can be categorized as:


• Simple or compound
• Fleshy or dry
SIMPLE FRUIT COMPOUND F
Simple fruits are from a single Compound fruits are formed
flower with a single ovary (the from several ovaries
 Strawberries, blackberries and
ovary can have more than one pineapples
ovule)
• Apples, oranges, pears
FLESHY VS DRY FRUIT
Fleshy fruits have a high-water content and flexible skin (apples and other
juicy fruits)
Dry fruits have a papery, woody, or leathery pericarp (fruit wall) surrounding
the seed (seeds and nuts)
SEED DISPERSAL
 The seeds of fruits can be dispersed in several different ways
Dispersal Methods:
Wind
Plant expulsion
Animals
Water
Humans

20
NOTES COLLABORATION
Focus on completing Guided Notes #13-18 with your partners!

You will have the time below to collaborate!


REFERENCES
1. Frank Vincentz, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
2. Kelvinsong, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
3. Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
4. Zephyris, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
5. KuriPop, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons.
6. DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS), CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons.
7. Agnieszka Kwiecień (Nova), CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
8. Michael G. Simpson. Redrawn and color: User:RoRo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
9. DenisaCZ, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
10. Cassandra gonzales, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia
Commons.
11-13 Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
14. Dpaczesniak, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
15. MPF, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons.
16. Pearson Scott Foresman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
17. Forest Wander, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
18. C. Hulme Taylor, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
19. Modified leaves is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by
Daniela Dutra Elliott & Paula Mejia Velasquez.
20. Kaegebein’s Courtyard Project. https://kaegebeincourtyard.weebly.com/pollination-learning-station--seed-
dispersal.html

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