periodic-motion

PERIODIC MOTION
Periodic motion is a motion of an

object that regularly repeat-the object
returns to a given position after a
fixed time interval.
A body undergoing periodic motions

always has a stable equilibrium
position.
The equilibrium position,
otherwise known as a resting
position, is the position
assumed by the body when it is
not vibrating.
A restoring force is a force that

tends to restore a body from its
displacement to its equilibrium
position.
The amplitude (A) of
vibration is the maximum
displacement of a body
from equilibrium position.
The period (T) of a body in
periodic motion is the time
required to make a
complete to-and-fro motion
.One complete to-and-fro
motion is a cycle.
Frequency (f) is the number of the
cycle per unit time. It’s SI unit is
hertz.
f= 1/T
Angular frequency is commonly
express in radians per second.
The relationship of frequency and
angular frequency is given by
ω = 2pief
ω = 2 pie/T
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
Simple Harmonic Motion – is a very

common type of periodic motion. It is
a type of periodic motion where the
restoring force is proportional to the
displacement of the body from its
equilibrium position. This restoring
force act in a direction opposite that
of the displacement.
Fs = - kx
Fs is the restoring force or spring force
x is the displacement from the equilibrium position
k is a proportionality constant
The negative sign simply means
that the restoring force and
displacement are oppositely
directed.
A system that oscillate with SHM is
called simple harmonic oscillator.
The simplest form of a simple
harmonic oscillator is a body of mass
m oscillating on one end of an elastic
spring, also known as the mass-
spring system.
An external force can cause object,
like spring or compressed by a
certain displacement x. This force is
numerically equal to the restoring
force but opposite in direction.
Thus,
F = kx
The proportionality constant(k) is
what we called the force of constant
of the spring. It is the force needed
to produce a unit of elongation or
compression of the spring and has a
unit of N/m.
Sample problem:
1. An oscillating body takes 0.8
seconds to complete four cycles.
What is the period, frequency, and
angular frequency of the body?
2. A force of 3.0 N elongates a spring
by 6.0 cm.
a.What is the force constant of the
spring?
b. How much force is needed to
elongate spring an additional of 6.0
cm
PENDULUM
The simple pendulum is another
mechanical system that exhibit periodic
motion. It consists of a particle-like bob
of mass m suspended by a light string of
length L that is fixed at the upper end.
The motion occurs in the vertical plane
and it is driven by a gravitational force.
The forces acting on the bob are the force
T exerted by the string and the
gravitational force mg. The tangential
component mg sin Ɵ, of the gravitational force
always acts toward Ɵ=0, opposite the displacement of
the bob form the lowest position.
Therefore, the tangential
component is a restoring force,
and we can apply Newton’s second
law for motion in the tangential
direction:
Ft = mgsinƟ = m d2s/dt2
where s is the bob’s position
measured along the arc and the
negative sign indicates that the
tangential force acts toward the
equilibrium (vertical) position
The period of the motion is T = 2pi
L/g
In other words, the period and frequency
of a simple pendulum depends only on
the length of string and the
acceleration due to gravity.
Based on the equation, the period of a
simple pendulum is governed by the
following laws.
1. The period of simple pendulum is
directly proportional to square root of
its length.
2. The period is inversely proportional to
square root of the acceleration due to
gravity.
3. The period is not dependent
of the mass of the bob.
4. The period is independent of
the angular amplitude
displacement if angular
displacement is small, say
less than or equal to 100.
Sample Problem:
A simple pendulum of length 50
cm takes 5 s to make 10
complete back-and forth-
motion.
a. Find its period.
b. What will be its period when
its length is increased to 200
cm.?
PHYSICAL PENDULUM
A physical pendulum is any object

whose oscillations are similar to
those of simple pendulum but
cannot be modeled as a point
mass on a string, and the mass
distribution must be included into
the equation of motion.
In case of physical pendulum, the
force of gravity acts on the center
of mass (CM) of an object. The
object oscillates about a point O
The period of the motion is T =
2pi I /mgL
Sample Problem:
A 1.5 kg uniform meter stick
pivoted at one end oscillates
as a physical pendulum with a
period of 1.25 s. Find its
moment of inertia with
respect to the pivot point?
MECHANICAL WAVE
Wave is a periodic, disturbance

that travels through matter
or space and transfer energy,
not matter, from one location
to another. The repetitive
motion called vibration,
causes the formation of
waves. Therefore, wave is
also considered as a simple
harmonic motion.
Mechanical waves are disturbances that
transfers energy through a medium (solid,
liquid, gas).
Two main types of mechanical waves:
1.Transverse wave – is a wave that oscillates
perpendicularly to the direction of the wave.
Examples: ripples of the surface of water,
vibrations in a guitar string, seismic S-wave
2. Longitudinal wave – is a wave in which the
vibration of the medium is parallel to the
direction of the wave travels.
Examples: sound waves in air, seismic P-wave,
vibration of the spring, tsunami waves.
Characteristics of a Periodic Wave:
Amplitude – the maximum
displacement of a particle on the
medium from the equilibrium
position.
Wavelength – the distance between
two successive crests or troughs.
Frequency – the number of waves that
pass a particular point for every
second.
Period – the time required for one
complete wave to pass a particular
point.
WAVE FUNCTION FOR A SINUSOIDAL
WAVE
Recall that periodic waves that
oscillates in a simple harmonic
motion generates sinusoidal
waves. When sinusoidal waves
travel through a medium, every
particle in the medium undergoes
simple harmonic motion with the
same frequency and is displaces
from its equilibrium as a function
of both position (x) and time (t).
This is express in the general
form of sinusoidal wave,
y (x,t) = A sin (kx-ωt+ϕ)
where:
y - displacement of the particle(unit:m)
k - wave number (unit: rad/m)
ϕ – phase constant
A – amplitude (unit:m)
ω – angular frequency of the wave (unit: rad/s)
STEPS IN FINDING THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SINUSOIDAL WAVE
1.To get the sinusoidal wave’s
amplitude, wavelength, period,
frequency, speed, direction and
wave number, write down the
wave function in the form:
y (x,t) = A sin (kx- ωt+ϕ)
Use y (x,t) = A sin (kx- ωt+ϕ) for
wave moving +x direction
Use y (x,t) = A sin (kx+ωt+ϕ) for
wave moving -x direction
2.The amplitude can be taken directly
from the equation and is equal to A.
3. Derive the period of the wave from
the angular frequency, thus,
T = 2pi/ ω
4. Use f=1/T to get the frequency of
the wave.
5. The wave number can be found
using the formula; k = 2pi/λ
6. The wavelength can be derived from the wave
number; λ = 2pi/k
7. The speed of the wave is v = ω/k
Sample Problem:
A transverse wave on a string
is described by the wave
function:
y (x,t) = 0.2m sin (6.28m x –
1.57s t)

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PERIODIC MOTION

Periodic motion is a motion of an

A body undergoing periodic motions

A restoring force is a force that

Simple Harmonic Motion – is a very

A physical pendulum is any object

Wave is a periodic, disturbance

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