TOPOGRAP

HIC
BY YOUSS

SURVEYIN
OUSSAMA

G
 INTRODUCTIO
Have you ever wondered how the roads you drive on are so

N
smoothly paved, or how buildings manage to stand tall and
strong? Or maybe you've used a GPS to find your way around
– but have you ever wondered how the GPS knows where
everything is? The answer lies in the fascinating world of
topographic surveying.
In this presentation, we'll explore what topographic surveying
is, why it's so important, the tools we use, and the techniques
we employ to map the land around us.
 Definitio
n
Topographic surveying is the detailed study
and mapping of the Earth's surface, including
its natural and man-made features. This
involves measuring the elevation, slope, and
contours of the land, as well as the location of
roads, buildings, rivers, and other features. The
data collected is then used to create
topographic maps, which provide a visual
representation of the land's shape and
features.
 IMPORTANCE

CONSTRUCTION AND LAND MANAGEMENT AND

ENGINEERING
Topographic surveys are essential for DEVELOPMENT
Topographic maps help land
planning and designing construction developers and planners visualize the
projects, such as roads, bridges, buildings, terrain and identify suitable areas for
and dams. They help engineers determine development. They also aid in land
the best location for structures, assess zoning, resource management, and
potential risks, and design drainage environmental impact assessments.
systems.
 IMPORTANCE

DISASTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

MANAGEMENT
Topographic maps are crucial for disaster Topographic maps are essential for
preparedness and response. They help studying environmental patterns and
identify areas at risk of natural disasters changes, such as erosion, flooding,
like floods, landslides, and earthquakes, and landslides. They help scientists
and aid in planning evacuation routes and understand the impact of human
emergency response measures. activities on the environment and
develop strategies for conservation
and mitigation.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

TOTAL THEODO
A versatile electronic instrument A precision instrument used
STATION
that combines an electronic
LEV LITE
for measuring horizontal and
theodolite (for measuring angles) vertical angles. It is often
AN OPTICAL INSTRUMENT USED TO
and an electronic distance meter
(EDM) to measure distances. It can
EL
ESTABLISH A HORIZONTAL LINE OF
used in conjunction with a
distance measuring device to
also calculate coordinates and SIGHT, ESSENTIAL FOR determine the position of
elevations, making it a central tool DETERMINING ELEVATIONS AND points in 3D space.
in topographic surveying. MEASURING DIFFERENCES IN
HEIGHT BETWEEN POINTS
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

PRISMS AND GNSS (GLOBAL

Reflectors used with total stations
PRISM
and levels POLES
to bounce signals back to
TRIPO NAVIGATION
the instrument, enabling accurate A precision instrument used
distance and elevation
STABLE PLATFORMS USED TO
DS INSTRUMENTS
MOUNT SURVEYING
SATELLITE SYSTEM)
for measuring horizontal and
measurements. vertical angles. It is often
LIKE TOTAL STATIONS, LEVELS, used in conjunction with a
AND GNSS RECEIVERS. distance measuring device to
determine the position of
points in 3D space.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

DRO SOFTWA
Equipped with cameras and Are used to process and
NES
sensors, drones can quickly capture RANGE POLES AND TAPE RES
analyze survey data, create
aerial imagery and LiDAR data,
which can be used to create highly
MEASURES
USED FOR MEASURING SHORTER topographic maps, and
DISTANCES AND MARKING POINTS generate 3D models.
detailed topographic maps and 3D AUTOCAD,COVADIS,TOPOGEN
models. ON THE GROUND.
,REVIT,ARCHICAD...
 TECHNIQU
FOR MES
EASURING
LAND FEATURES

Topographic surveying relies on a combination of

traditional and modern techniques to accurately
measure land features, such as elevation, slope,
and contours. Let's mention some of the most
used.
LEVELING
• Description: Leveling is the process of
determining the elevation difference between
points on the Earth's surface. This is achieved
using a level instrument, which establishes a
horizontal line of sight. The surveyor takes
readings on a graduated staff held vertically at
each point, and the difference in readings gives
the elevation difference.
• Example: To determine the elevation of a
building's foundation, a surveyor would set up a
level instrument at a known benchmark (a point
with a known elevation) and take readings on a
staff held at the foundation level. The difference
in readings would give the elevation of the
foundation relative to the benchmark.
 TRIANGULATION
AND
TRILATERATIO N
• Description: Triangulation involves measuring
angles between points to determine their
relative positions, while trilateration involves
measuring distances between points. Both
techniques use a network of known points
(control points) to establish the framework for
the survey.
• Example: To map a large area, a surveyor would
establish a network of control points using GNSS
receivers. Then, they would measure the angles
or distances between other points and the
control points using a total station. These
measurements are used to calculate the
coordinates and elevations of the surveyed
points.
 TACHEOME
TRY
• Description: Tacheometry is a rapid surveying
technique that uses a theodolite or total station
to measure both the horizontal and vertical
distances between points simultaneously. This is
achieved by observing a graduated staff
through the telescope and using the stadia hairs
(horizontal lines) to determine the distance.
• Example: To quickly survey a construction site, a
surveyor could use tacheometry to measure the
distances and elevations of various points of
interest, such as corners of buildings, edges of
roads, and changes in terrain.
 AERIAL
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• Description: Aerial photogrammetry involves
taking overlapping photographs of the terrain
from an aircraft or drone. These photographs are
then processed using specialized software to
create accurate 3D models and topographic
maps.
• Example: To survey a large, inaccessible area, a
surveyor could use a drone to capture aerial
images, which are then used to create a
detailed topographic map of the area.
 Conclusi
on
In closing, topographic surveying is far more
than just maps and measurements. It's the
foundation for safe construction, sustainable
land development, and our understanding of the
ever-changing Earth. I hope you enjoyed, and I
hope this presentation was useful for all of you.
THANK
YOU!