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2019 Practical 1 Topographic Survey and Mapping

The document provides instructions for conducting a topographic survey to produce a map for irrigation and drainage design. Key points include: 1) A topographic map will provide elevation data, distances, slopes and positions of features to aid in the design of irrigation canals, drainage channels, and land levelling requirements. 2) Survey equipment includes a level, staffs, tape measures and notebooks. Students will form groups to conduct the survey. 3) The survey will involve establishing a baseline and benchmarks, then taking spot height readings at regular 25m intervals to form an elevation grid and map important features. Contours will then be drawn on the map to show topography.

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122 views2 pages

2019 Practical 1 Topographic Survey and Mapping

The document provides instructions for conducting a topographic survey to produce a map for irrigation and drainage design. Key points include: 1) A topographic map will provide elevation data, distances, slopes and positions of features to aid in the design of irrigation canals, drainage channels, and land levelling requirements. 2) Survey equipment includes a level, staffs, tape measures and notebooks. Students will form groups to conduct the survey. 3) The survey will involve establishing a baseline and benchmarks, then taking spot height readings at regular 25m intervals to form an elevation grid and map important features. Contours will then be drawn on the map to show topography.

Uploaded by

brian nyika
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AGEN 411 : TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY PRACTICAL

22/3/18

Purpose

Produce topographic map for irrigation and Drainage Design

Importance of topographic map

Topo-map provides

1. Elevation differences used in


o determining static head between water source and field
o Determining relative levels and contours within the field to provide general
direction(s) of flow of water and therefore directions of canals supplying water to
the field and drainage channels discharging water from the field
o Elevations for calculating land-levelling requirements
2. Distance between point allowing for preparation of bills of quantities
3. General slopes, permitting calculations gradients to use with velocity equations in sizing
channels
4. Positions of other main features important in design e.g.
o Power lines to show positions from where power can be obtained hence positions of
transformers etc
o Sacred sites within communities, e.g. graves, some types of vegetation like trees
o Rocks, waterlogged areas, buildings within the area, boundaries etc
5. Plan for the irrigation layout

Survey Equipment, materials and general method

The idea is to take readings at spot heights located at regular distances (e.g. 25 m x 25 m) that
approximately form a grid. All important features should be surveyed. The proposed conveyance
route to the water source should be surveyed, including all important features along it.

1. Level, staffs, tape measures, notebooks, pencils (pens) etc


2. Form 3 groups of 4-5 persons
3. Each group to have its own equipment and materials
4. Establish baseline with at least 4 benchmarks
5. Assign a reduced level e.g. 100m to one of the baseline pegs and calculate the rest with
respect to that benchmark. Alternatively, National Grid Points (if closeby) are used as
references for irrigation topo-maps.
6. Survey and close baseline to ensure that error is acceptable. Once baseline is surveyed and
each peg is assigned a value, then
7. Each benchmark can be used as a reference point when surveying individual spots within the
field.
8. Field survey guide
a. Determine where North, South etc are with respect to your and zero your bearings
accordingly (as you decide but with respect to North direction)
b. Take spot height readings, distances, angles etc using level
c. Spots for taking spot heights should be 25 m x 25 m square
d. Use the nearest benchmark as a reference point. Ideally you should use 2 to 3
reference benchmarks for cross-checking of accuracy once you change the machine
position
e. Always shoot the back-sight and fore-site before and after changing the machine
position. In addition to the back-sight and fore-sight shoot 2-3 benchmarks on
baseline for cross-checking.
f. 1 individual should carry staff to different positions
g. 1 individual should book readings
h. 1 individual should take reading on machine
9. Producing a topographic Map
a. Calculate spot heights using rise and fall method or collimation method (middle
stadia hair reading)
b. Calculate angles (horizontal, vertical if necessary), distances (using stadia hair
readings) etc
c. Transfer all the readings to a topographic map
i. Decide on the scale
ii. Show directions (North, East etc)
iii. Plot all points and places surveyed on the map

d. Draw contours on map. Contours should have a specific interval that you determine
can show details of your topography adequately

e. Use principles appropriate for producing engineering drawings (e.g. thicknesses etc of
specific lines, legend etc)

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