Chapter Five

Motivation and Emotion

 Some question why

What moves you?

Why we do what we do?
Why do you to go class each days?
Why do students study for hours
(sometimes even days)
Why do teachers teach students, and why
do they test students?
 I. Motivation
The word motivation: comes
from the Latin word “Mover’,
which means “to move

 motivation: is the process that by

which activities are:-
 Started Directed and Sustained
So that physical or psychological needs are
met.
 Psychologists study motivation to
understand why people do what they do and
how they can be encouraged to pursue
certain goals.
 Types of Motivation
A. Intrinsic motivation: type of motivation in
which a person performs an action because the act
itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal
manner.
e.g. athletes running every day because they like
it.
students studying hard to get knowledge
B. Extrinsic motivation: type of motivation in
which a person performs an action because it leads
to an outcome that is separate from or external to
the person.
e.g. athletes running every day to get a gold
medal.
students working very hard to get good
grade.
 Approaches/Theories of
motivation

1. Instinct Theory
2. Drive-reduction Theory
3. Arousal Theory
4. Incentive Theory
5. Cognitive Theory
6. Humanistic theory
 1. Instinct Theory
States that motivation is the
result of innate, genetic
programming (unlearned).
Eg: infants have an inborn rooting reflex that
helps them seek out a nipple and obtain
nourishment

Examples of instincts;
 Parental love
 Curiosity
 Migrating
 Sucking
 Grasping
 2. Drive Reduction Theory

drive-reduction theory, humans are

motivated to satisfy physiological
needs in order to maintain homeostasis
Need  Drive  Behavior  Need
reduction
Homeostasis: body balance
Primary needs
Secondary needs
 Cont.. Drive Reduction Theory

Drive theories assume that

people are always trying to
reduce internal tension
(Physiological need)
 3. Arousal Theory
• States that we need to maintain or
increase
excitement/pleasure/satisfaction
• Each person tries to maintain a certain
level of stimulation and activity

E.g. Students who are highly anxious while

taking tests on complex material may
perform bellow their ability because of their
high level of arousal
E.g. think about your arousal level to get A in
any subject you wanted
 4. Incentive Theory
 Incentive theory states that behavior is motivated by
the pull of external (outside ) goals such as rewards.
 You come to class to get an A
 You work out to get compliments
 You go to work to earn money to buy a house
 Are all human behaviors motivated by incentives?
What do you think?

E.g working many hours

to earn money or
studying long in the
night to get good grade
 5. Humanistic Theory

 Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

suggested that human motives
are organized in to a hierarchy of
needs.
 He said that lower level needs
must be met before higher level
needs.
 Maslow level of needs

1. Physiological Needs-
These are the most basic and important
biological requirements for human survival,

If these needs are not met, the

organism can't survive.
Example

Air, food, water, shelter, clothing, sex,

sleep, warmth which are necessary for
survival
 2. Safety and Security
Needs-
These needs refer more to the long term
survival than day to day needs.

Humans tend to seek out order and have a

desire to live in a world that is not filled with
danger.

It includes

Security, Job/career, homes, insurance,

protection from elements, order, law,
stability, freedom from fear, as well which
ensures financial security, etc
 3. Love and Belongingness
Needs-
The third level of human needs is
social needs

Examples include
Seeking out affectionate relationships
with others, receiving and giving love
and intimacy, acceptance, friendship,
trust, involves feelings of
belongingness, companionship, being
part of a group (family, friends, work).
 4. Esteem Needs-
At this level, people become concerned on
developing a feeling of self-worth and pride
which gives a boost to self-confidence and
self-esteem

Which includes the need to

Be respected as a useful,
Honorable individual;
Achievements that they earn,
Recognition from others for jobs they do, etc.
 can't..

Which Maslow classified into two

categories:

(i) esteem for oneself (dignity,

achievement, mastery, and
independence) and

(ii) the desire for reputation or respect

from others (e.g., status, prestige).
 5. Self-Actualization
It is the need to fulfill one's own potential to the
fullest,

A self-actualized person is self-aware, socially

responsive, faces difficulties and challenges, and
become everything one is capable of becoming.

Which includes

Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking

personal growth and peak experiences.

Maslow stated,

"What a man can be, he must be."

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
 Conflict of motives and frustration

Based on the sources of motivation and the importance of the

decision, people usually face difficulty choosing among the
motives.
These are just a few of the motives that may shape a trivial
decision.
When the decision is more important, the number and
strength of motivational pushes and pulls are often greater,
creating far more internal conflict and indecision.
There are four basic types of motivational conflicts.
.
 Types of Conflict Motives.
Approach-approach conflicts - is when a person is motivated to
engage in to two desirable activities that cannot be
pursued/happened/occurred at the same time. Such conflict is
resolved by choosing to satisfy only one of the desired
activities/goals at a time.
E.g. choosing between two desirable kinds of jackets in a
boutique also another example E.g, going to a movie or a
concert.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: this conflict occurs when we are
motivated to avoid two undesirable things/situations at the
same time. There is a great deal of vacillation/ indecisiveness in
this conflict.
E.g. a woman with unwanted pregnancy might face avoidance-
avoidance conflict in deciding to abort or to give birth.
 cont..

Approach-avoidance conflicts - happen when a

particular event or activity has both attractive and
unattractive features,
for example, a freshman student wants to start
dating but she, at the same time, is worried that
this may unduly consume her study time.
E.g. want to buy a T -shirt but too expensive.
.
 cont..

Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts - exist when

two or more alternatives each have both positive
and negative features. Suppose you must choose
between two jobs.
One offers a high salary with a well-known
company but requires long working hours and
relocation to a miserable climate.
The other boasts advancement opportunities,
fringe benefits, and a better climate, but it doesn’t
pay as much and involves an unpredictable work
schedule.
.
II: Emotion
 II: Emotion

What is emotion? Does emotion is feeling? If that

so, what is feeling then? Can you imagine life
without emotion? Can anyone live without: Joy,
anger, happiness, sorrow etc. these sorts of
feeling that can be expressed bodily are called
emotion. Some types of emotional feeling,
thoughts, and reactions lead people to act against
the norm, values and laws of the society/culture.
For instance, emotional reactions like anger might
lead a person to aggression, which is a crime in
on the eye of the legal aspect.
 II: Emotion

 Emotion is derived from the Latin word “Emovere”

means “to excite/ agitate”.
 Emotion: a state characterized by
a) Physiological arousal (change in the body)
(heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration
etc.
b) Behavioral changes (overt outward actions)
(facial expressions, gestures, posture),
c) Subjective feelings (cognitive & mental
actions) (labeling it as: Interpreting the
subjective feeling)
 Theories of emotion

1. James- Lang Theory of Emotion

 According to the James–Lange theory of
emotion, emotions arise from physiological
arousal.
 Emotions depend on feedback from the body
 I am in love because of my heart rate
increases when I look at her or him.”
2.Cannon-Bard Theory
 Argued that physiological arousal &
psychological reactions occur at the
same time.
3. Schechter-Singer
 Proposed that the physical
arousal and cognitive of the
arousal have to happen
before emotion occurs:
Thank
you!