DEVELOPME

NT
What do you mean by the term development ?

It is a process of economic and social

advancement in terms of the quality of human
life.

Development is a process of improvement and

changes required for better living and existence
 Economic development usually
refers to the
•adoption of new technologies,
•transition from agriculture-
based to industry-based
economy, and
•general improvement in living
standards.
Characteristics of Development

1 )Different people have different development goals :-

What may be development for one may not be development
for the other. It may be destructive for other.

Example :
The establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural development but
many people have shifted out of the village, hence it may not be
development for them.
Worksheet :- 1
 Worksheet :- 1

“People’s development goals vary”? Explain with

example.

Explain how two groups may have conflicting notions of

development.
Income and Other Goals
 Income and Other Goals

i) Income is the most important component of

development, but along with income, people
also seek equal treatment, freedom, good
health, peace,etc.
ii)For development, people look at mix goals.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

It refers to the ability of the

country to improve the social
welfare of the people and improve
their living standards
Aspects covered under the National
Development:-

i) Under national development, only those

programmes and policies are implemented which
would benefit a large number of people.
ii) Under national development, it is very important
to decide about the conflicts and their solutions.
iii) Under national development, we have to think
whether there is a better way of doing things.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
OR STATES ?
Basic Measures of Economic Development:-
Income is considered as one of the most important
attribute of economic development
. Total Income of the country is the income of all the residents of the
country ,but the total income of the countries is not an useful measure to
make comparisons between countries because the population of different
countries is different.

Per capita income, also known as income per person, is the average
income of the people in a country or city. It is calculated by taking
the total income of the country divided by its total population
The thresholds for classification by income are as follows
Threshold Per Capita (current Per Capita (current
US$) July1 ,2017 US$) July1 ,2021

Low-income < 1,005 < 1,046

Lower-middle 1,006 - 3,955 1,046 - 4,095
income
Upper-middle 3,956 - 12,235 4,096 - 12,695
income
High-income >12,235 >12,695
Name Category PCI(Dollars) Population

United Arab High Income 68,200 9,400,145

Emirates

Upper middle 7200 1,281,935,911

India income

United States of High Income 59,500 326,625,791

America
2017 CIA Report
DEMERITS OF AVERAGE INCOME
 Monthly incomes of citizens in 2020(in Rupees)
COUNTRY I II III IV V AVG.
INCOME
Country A 10000 12000 8000 11000 9000 10000
Country B 1000 2000 1000 1000 45000 10000
Demerits of Average Income or Per Capita
Income
Per capita income is an important criterion for development is considered to be
one of the most important attributes for comparing countries but is suffers from
the following limitations:
( i ) Per capita income doesn’t tell us anything about the distribution of income.
A poor country with a more equal distribution of income would be better off
than a richer country with unequal distribution of income.
( ii ) Per capita income doesn’t measure various facilities & services that
influence quality of life e.g. health facilities, education facilities, equal treatment
etc.
( iii ) It is effected by size of population. Even with a large national income, per
capita income will be low if a country has large population.
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA
INFANT MORTALITY RATE - Probability of dying between birth
and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births.

LITERACY RATE- The percentage of the population above seven

years who can read and write is literate.

NET ATTENDANCE RATIO - is defined as the ratio of the number

of persons in the official age-group attending any educational
institution in a particular class-group to the total number persons in the
age-group.
 Comparative Data Source – Economic Survey 2013-2014

State Infant Literacy Net Per Capita

Mortality Rate(%) Attendanc Income
Rate e Ratio

Haryana 33 82 61 1,62,034

Kerala 10 94 83 1,40,190

Bihar 38 62 43 31.454
PUBLIC FACILITIES
 PUBLIC FACILITIES are those basic
facilities which are provided to all
citizens by the government for their
well being and overall development ,
such as education, health, security,
transport, food etc.
 Why do we need Public facilities?

All citizens are not equal in a nation some are capable to afford basic
01
facilities but some are not.

02 Even if a person has income to survive ,but sometime they too cannot
afford certain facilities

Without them , the nation can suffer from inadequate healthcare , poor
03
nutrtion job , education etc.
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
 Human Development Index
HDI is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three important
variables that determine the quality of life. These three variables are longevity,
knowledge & standard of living. It is prepared by United Nations Development
program.
UNDP uses a different criterion called human development index (HDI). HDI is a
composite index on a scale 0-1 measured on the basis of three indicators,
The country with 0 HDI will be at bottom & the one with 1 HDI will be at top. All other
countries are in between.

Longevity :- It is measured in terms of life expectancy

Knowledge :- It is measured by a combination of adult literacy &
combined enrollment ratio
Standard of living :- It is measured by real per capita income in dollars
 Human Development Index -2016
COUNTRY RANK HDI
India 131 0.624
UAE 42 0.846
USA 10 0.924
In the recently published Human Development Report 2016,India
has been placed at 131th position in the 2016 (HDI) among the
188 countries.
The top three nations in the 2016 HDI are -
Norway (1st), -0.949
Australia (2nd) -0.939
Switzerland (3rd).0.938
Sustainable development
Sustainable development is
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own
needs.
Ground water in India
Groundwater level are observed values of depth to
groundwater at wells across India. Higher values represent
locations where the water is further from the ground
surface, and less accessible.
54 Percent of India Faces High to Extremely
High Water Stress-
The states of Punjab and Haryana alone produce 50 percent
of the national government’s rice supply and 85 percent of
its wheat stocks. Both crops are highly water intensive.
More than 100 Million People Live in Areas of
Poor Water Quality-
Whenever a particular pollutant concentration exceeds
National standard limits, drinking water is considered
unsafe, where chlorine, fluoride, iron, arsenic, nitrate, are
some of the water pollutants found in India.
 Crude Oil Consumption by Country
Consumption (Thousand
Rank Country
Barrels per Day)
1 United
Rank States
CountryConsumption (Thousand Barrels 18,961.13
per Day)
2 1 ChinaUnited States 18,961.13
10,116.64
2 China 10,116.64
3 3
JapanJapan 4,530.82
4,530.82
4 IndiaIndia 3,509.00
4 5 Russian Federation 3,320.00
3,509.00

5 6 Russian
7
Brazil Federation
3,097.00
Saudi Arabia 2,925.00
3,320.00

6 8 Brazil
Canada 2,431.28 3,097.00
9 Germany 2,403.16
7 10Saudi Arabia
Korea, Republic Of 2,925.00

8 Canada 2,431.28

9 Germany 2,403.16

10 Korea 2,324.01
How much oil is left?
British Petroleum provided an
intriguing update of global oil
reserves– 1,687.9 billion barrels
of oil ,just enough to last the
world 53.3 years at the current
production rates.

Saudi Arabia, ---261.8 billion

Iraq, --------------112.5 billion.
United Arab Emirates ---- 97.8 billion
Kuwait ----- 96.5 billion
Iran--------- 89.7 billion
Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant In Japan Explodes
Releases Radiation - Japan 2011 Earthquake