*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam

SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED

DEVELOPMENT
NOTES
Comparing Development of
Different countries lstates
Concept of Development
-

comparison through National

f-
Income .

Different People Different

,

Comparison through Per Goals

capita Income .

Income and other Goals

-

How World Bank Compares ?

Development

Other criteria

Public facility
ftneoacyrate
-

Net Attendance Ratio

Human Development
-

BMI Report

Substainabilityof
Development
 ②

o
Development is the process of
growing and becoming
2016)
better .

- Ic
b se

Different people , different Goals : people seek that are most important
things
o

for them i. e that which can fulfill their aspirations or desire What may be
,
. .

development for one may not be development for another This can be understood .

by the following example :

To
get
more electricity ,
an industrialist may want more dams But this may
.

submerge
the land and disrupt of people
the lives who are displaced , such as tribes .

here , ma →
electricity for town people
ITH -
tribes

°
Income and other goals : A
person have two types of development goals
i. e .

1) Material Things
-

money ,
car , house etc
close# Non material
2%8 Both material and
-

Things
-

freedom, friends, equality respect ,

ele
non -
material things are equally important or we can say that
development people look at mix
for , of goals .

Comparing Development of Different countries / States

#
Comparison through National Income :
countries their income is considered to be one of the most Tmp
for
comparing
attribute Countries with
,
.

higher income are more developed

than other countries
as more income means more of all the that a human being needs
things .

Total Income of a = The sum of income of all the resident of the country
country
But we
compare countries with average income (also known as per capita income)
and not total income because countries have
different different population .

# Comparison through Per capita Income :

Per capita Income =

Total Incomeof Country
or
Average Income Total population of country

WORLD BANK compares countries on the basis of their Per capita Income :
Countries with per capita income of $12,056
per annum and above in 2017
°

are called rich countries

Countries with per capita income of $955 or less in 2017 are called low-Income
.

countries .

°
India has per capita income of $1820 in 2017 and is considered as low middle
income country .
 ②

Comparison through Per capita Income has its drawbacks as it hides disparities,
eg when a small section of people hasidea
very high income the average income
.

,
also gets high and do not give proper about the actual situation .

GEERT

Assume both countries have

'
-

only 5
person . We can see both country
have
average income or Per capita Income of F 90001 -

but country X
is better than country Y .

Other criteria

Infant mortality Rate ( IMR) : Number of children that die before the age of
one year in proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year .

Literacy Rate : The proportion of literate population in the F and above

age group.

Net Attendance Ratio : Total number of children of group 14 and 15 years

age
attending school as percentage of total number of children in the same age group .

Life Expectancy Average expected length of life of person at birth

: a .

Body Mass Index (BMI) Internationally standard known Body Mass Index
:
,
a as

is used to determine whether adult is undernourished

an notperson or .

close BMI C 18.5 ( undernourished)

2%0 BMI ⇐
Weighton ' is.sc Bmg < 25 ( normal)
(Height) Lin meter) za Binz cover
weight)
This standard is not applicable for growing children .

313

° In
comparison of per capitaincome of stales , Punjab would be considered
most developed and Bihar least developed .

° But if we observe Kerala is a better place to live because it have low

IMR .

This shows besides income all other

goals equally important
°
are .

,
 ③

Public facilities
°
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
live leg Pollution free environment , protection from disease )
.
-

°
Public facilities by government is the cheapest and best way to provide these goods
and services collectively .

°
Kerala is a better place Kerala have low IMR
to live OR :

It have better public distribution system so everyone

gets food and is healthy
→
.

They have adequate provision of basic health facilities so

people get treated
properly
→
Kerala have proper education facilities as education make people more aware
about their health .

Human Development Report (A better way ! )

Human development Report published by UNDP United Nations Development
program) is one of
the best methods to measure development .

The report compares countries based on 3 criteriasoo

in Per capita Income .

its life expectancy .

iii) literacy rate and enrollment ratio .

Some countries in middle east are rich countries but they have bad education , health
States so they aren't considered a developed country
,
.

India 's HDR rank is 130 and Sri Lanka's HDR rank is 76 .

Sustainability of Development
should take place but without harming environment ,
Development eg : Groundwater
° .
-

Ps under serious threat of overuse .

° Excessive extraction of crude oil lead to

mining of iron , gold , silver or coal and and
depletion of the stock of these resources Smoke other pops nous.

gases being
released from factories lead to environmental pollution .

Problems of water and air pollution are affecting the

living of people and will affect
°

lives of future
generations also .

K3B Under globalisation particularly, after 1990 the

, farmers in India have been
exposed
countries
to
new
challenges such as competition with other International
.
 -- PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS --
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Define Infant mortality rate. [1M, 2020]
A1. Infant mortality rate It indicates the number of children that die before the age year as a
proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

Q2. What may be goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income? [1M, 2019]
A2. More days of work and better wages Local school is able to provide quality education for their
children. (Anyone).

Q3. What may be a goal of the prosperous farmer of Punjab? [1M, 2019]
A3. Assured high family income.
Easy availability of cheap labourers. (Anyone)

Q4. State any two goals of development other than income [1M, 2018]
A4. I) Equal treatment, security and dignity for all citizens.
II) Safe and secured environment for women to make progress in every walk of their life.

Q5. What may be development for one may not be development for the other." Explain with
suitable example. [1M, 2015]
A5 Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are
different. For example, Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus
development. However many people have be displaced from their villages, hence it may not be
development for them.

Q6. Why is sustainable development essential? Give one reason. [1M, 2015]
A6. Sustained development aims at economic development without damaging the environment
and at the same time conserving for the future. Resources are to be used in such a way that they
are not overexploited.

Q7. What do final goods and services mean? [1M, 2014]

A7. The various production activities in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector produce large
number of goods and services for consumption and investment are final goods and services.

Q8 What is the advantage of per capita income? Mention any one. [1M, 2014]
A8. It helps to compare the development of countries as per capita income tells us whether people
in one country are better off than others in a different country.

Q9. What term is used to describe the 'average number of years a person is expected to live at
birth'? [1M, 2013]
A9. Life Expectancy

Q10. What is Human Development Index ? [1M, 2013]

A10. Human Development Index is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three
important variables, namely-longevity, knowledge and standard of living, that determine the quality
of life.

Q11 Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them? [1M,
2012]
A11. The total income of countries is not used to make comparisons between them, because the
population of different countries is different and does not give a clear picture if comparisons are
made on this basis.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q12. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own
examples related o development. [3M, 2018]
A12. 1. Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries. Since countries
have different populations, comparing total income does not tell what an average person is likely
to earn. Hence, we use average income which is total income of the country divided by total
population.
2. The defect of average as measure is that does not show the distribution (dispersion) of income
between the rich and the poor.
3. Two countries may have the same average income but in one country almost every family may
enjoy more or less the same kind of income, whereas in the other, some may be very rich and
others very poor. The disparity between rich and poor is an important feature that the average
measure (per capita income) does not consider.
Example: In terms of development, we can take the example of India, where the metro towns are
full of high-rise buildings and shopping malls while some villages have not yet been ret provided
with a basic necessity like electricity.

Q13. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development ? [3M, 2018]
A13. Though income is one oft most important components ( development, but there are other
important goals which people look at for development
1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as
entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.

Q14. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized in the world? What
are the limitations of this
approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006, India comes in which category?
Give reason for the same. [3M, 2015]
A14. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as criterion for classifying different
countries. Countries with per capita income of ₹4,53,000 per annum and above (in the year 2004)
are called rich countries and those with per capita income of ?37,000 or less are called low
income countries (India comes under low income countries; the | capita income in India is ₹28,000
per annum). Those falling in between ₹37,000 -₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle category.
Limitations of this criterion.
1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two countries may have
identical average income, but one country may have equitable distribution where people are
neither very rich nor very poor, while in the other country most citizens are very poor and very few
are extremely rich,
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored
certain attributes of a good life which do not depend on income or cannot be bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of
unadulterated medicines, etc.

Q15. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well" Do you agree with
this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments. [3M, 2015]
A15. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an
adequate indicator of a good quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods services
one needs to live well.
• Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.
• It cannot protect u from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us.
• Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal
opportunity to learn, a pollution free environment, good and safe working conditions etc

Q16. What are common developmental goals? Give any two suitable examples of common
developmental goals. [3M, 2015]
A16.
• There are certain goals which are the common for all. These are common developmental
goals. The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also
about other important things in life. More income more material goods do not always give
us a good quality life.
• There other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity : learn, good
working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which a very
important for a good quality life. Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. But life quality of our life also depends on non-material
things, for example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a
lot to us.

Q17. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India?
[3M, 2014]
A14. Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka has better rank than India:
1. Per capita income The per capita income of Sri Lanka in US dollars was 4,390 US dollars while
that of India was 3,139 US dollars.
2. Life expectancy at birth-The life expectancy at birth for Sri Lanka was 74, higher than that of
India at 64.
3. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels-Sri Lanka had Gross Enrolment ratio of 69 while that of
India was 60.

Q18. 'Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals'. Elaborate with examples. [3M, 2014]
A18.
• All persons do not have the same notion of development or progress. Each one of them
seeks different things. The seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can
• fulfil their aspirations or desires. In fact at times two persons or groups of persons may seek
things which are conflicting.
 • A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in
the household work. Her brother may not like this.
• To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land
and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals. They might resent this and
may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

Q19. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides income.
[3M, 2014]
A19.
• More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are
other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good
working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which are
very important for a good quality life.
• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends.
But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our
friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a lot to us. Another example, i we
get a job in a far off place, before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart
from income such as facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if there is
respect for women there would be more sharing of house work and greater acceptance of
women.
• The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about
other important things in life.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q20. Explain any five fields other than income where development is needed. [5M, 2018]
A20. Fields other than income where development is needed:
1. Education: The government must provide adequate education facilities in all rural urban areas.
The government must necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are
able to acquire at least secondary level schooling. Running proper schools and providing quality
education, particularly elementary education, is the duty of the Government.
2. Health: Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of government hospitals,
clinics and dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized and unadulterated
medicines to the poorer sections of society.
3. Nutrition: An effective Public Distribution System-proper functioning of ration shops and
equitable distribution of food grains is very essential.
4. Transportation: A well developed public transport system to make it easy for general public
commute.
5. Electricity: It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at reasonable rates
to the common and prevent him from exploitation by private companies

Q21. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per capita income has a low
literacy rate. [5M, 2017]
A21
• Per capita income is not a useful criterion a the human development ranking of a state.
High per capita income is not the only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all
the essential things required for a good life.
 • This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very high per capita income but a low
literacy rate. Having money in one's pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we
need to live well. Money cannot ensure education and literacy. Another reason for low
literacy rate in Punjab could be the lack of free and compulsory educational facilities. The
government needs to open more schools and provide other facilities so that all children
have a chance to study.
• Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases,
lowering of mortality rate, promotion of literacy, etc. are essential for good standard of
living. In order to achieve these, joint efforts have to be made by all members of a
community, be it rich or poor.

Q22. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized the world? What
are the limitations of this approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006, India
comes in which category? Give reason for the same. [5M, 2015]
A22.
The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different
countries. Countries with per capita income of € 4,53,000 annum a I above (in the year 2004) are
called rich countries and those with per capita income of T37,000 or less are called low income
countries (India comes under low income countries; the per capita income in India is R28,000 per
annum). Those falling in between 137,000 74,53,000 : placed in the middle category
Limitations of this criterion.
1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two countries may have
identical average income, but one country may have equitable distribution where people are
neither very rich nor very poor, while in the other country most citizens are very poor ver few are
extremely rich.
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored
certain attributes of a good life which do not depend on income or cannot be . bought with
money. Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of
unadulterated medicines, etc.

Q23. What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP
Report of 1990. [5M, 2015]
A23. HDI Stand for Human Development Index.
Main criteria of measuring HDI:
1. HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their
health status and per capita income.
2. HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall achievement in three areas, i.e., life
expectancy, educational level and per capita income.
3 Many improvements have been suggested calculating HDI and many new components have been
added to Human Development Report.
4. Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that what is important i development is
what is happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health and well being of the is people is most
important.

Q24. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides
income. [5M, 2014]
A24.
• More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are
other aspects such equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working
conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which very important
for a good quality life.
• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends.
But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our
friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean lot to us. Another example, if we get
a job in a far off place, far before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart
from income such as facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if there is
respect for women there would be more sharing of house work and greater acceptance of
women.
• The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about
other important things in life.