Scribd
Upload
13 views25 pages

GI.S

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is essential for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and waste elimination, comprising hollow organs and accessory glands. Key components include the alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas) that facilitate these processes through mechanical and chemical digestion. Regulation of GI function involves neural and hormonal mechanisms that coordinate motility and secretion in response to food intake and other stimuli.

Uploaded by

suleiman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views25 pages

GI.S

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is essential for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and waste elimination, comprising hollow organs and accessory glands. Key components include the alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas) that facilitate these processes through mechanical and chemical digestion. Regulation of GI function involves neural and hormonal mechanisms that coordinate motility and secretion in response to food intake and other stimuli.

Uploaded by

suleiman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

Gastrointestinal system
gastrointestinal (GI) system

• The gastrointestinal (GI) system


is a complex system responsible
for the digestion and absorption of
nutrients, as well as the
elimination of waste products.
• It includes a series of hollow
organs and accessory glands that
work in concert to perform various
functions necessary for nutrition
and homeostasis
Alimentary Canal
• Mouth
• Pharynx and Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Large Intestine (Colon)
• Anus
Accessory Organs
• Salivary Glands: These glands secrete saliva.

• Liver: The liver produces bile

• Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile

• Pancreas: The pancreas produces digestive


enzymes
Digestion

Digestion is the process of breaking down


food into smaller molecules that can be
absorbed into the bloodstream.

It involves mechanical digestion (physical


breakdown) and chemical digestion
(enzymatic breakdown).
Mouth (Oral Cavity)

Digestion
Mechanical digestion:
• Mastication (chewing) breaks down food into
smaller pieces
Digestive Enzyme:
• Salivary amylase: Breaks down starch
• Lingual lipase: it begins the digestion of
lipids (fats).
Absorption:
• certain substances like water and certain
drugs (e.g., nitroglycerin) can be absorbed
through the oral mucosa.
Esophagus
Digestion:
• The esophagus mainly serves to
transfer food from the mouth to the
stomach via peristalsis—
coordinated muscular contractions
that push the bolus down.
Absorption:
• No significant digestion or
absorption occurs in the esophagus.
Stomach
Digestion:
• Mechanical digestion: The stomach's
muscular contractions mix food with gastric
juices to form a semi-liquid substance called
chyme.
Digestive Enzymes and Secretions:
• Pepsinogen: Secreted by chief cells, it is
activated into pepsin in the acidic
environment and starts protein digestion.
• Gastric lipase: An enzyme that begins the
digestion of lipids, breaking down
triglycerides into fatty acids and
monoglycerides, though it plays a secondary
role compared to pancreatic lipase.
Stomach
• Intrinsic factor: produced by parietal cells,
essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in
the small intestine.
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl): Secreted by parietal
cells, it creates the acidic environment that
activates pepsinogen and helps kill bacteria.
• Mucus: Secreted by mucous cells to protect the
stomach lining from the acidic environment
and the proteolytic action of pepsin.
Absorption:
• Limited absorption in the stomach, mainly of
water, alcohol, and certain drugs (e.g.,
aspirin).
Small Intestine
Digestion:
Mechanical digestion: Segmentation contractions mix the chyme and
enzymes for better digestion.
• Chemical digestion: Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.
Digestive Enzymes:
 Pancreatic enzymes: Released into the duodenum to aid in the digestion
of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• Pancreatic amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into
disaccharides (maltose).
• Pancreatic lipase: Breaks down lipids (triglycerides) into fatty acids
and monoglycerides.
• Proteases (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin): Break down proteins into
smaller peptides and amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated into
trypsin by enterokinase in the duodenum.
• Nucleases: Break down nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) into nucleotides.
Small Intestine
• Brush border enzymes: Located on the microvilli of enterocytes
• Disaccharidases (e.g., lactase, sucrase, maltase): Break down
disaccharides into monosaccharides (e.g., lactose into glucose and
galactose).
• Aminopeptidases: Break down peptides into amino acids.
Absorption:
• The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption. Nutrients are
absorbed through the epithelial cells lining the villi and microvilli into the
bloodstream (for water-soluble nutrients) or lymphatic system (for fat-soluble
nutrients).
• Jejunum: Primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients like sugars, amino
acids, fatty acids, and vitamins.
• Ileum: Absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients.
Large intestine
Digestion:
• The primary function of the large intestine is the
absorption of water, electrolytes, and some
vitamins, like vitamin K and biotin.
• It also houses gut microbiota
Absorption:
• Water and electrolytes: Most of the water in the
chyme is absorbed in the colon, forming semi-
solid feces.
• Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): Produced by
gut bacteria from the fermentation of dietary
fiber, these can be absorbed and provide an
energy source for colonocytes (colon cells).
• Vitamins: The microbiota also produce some
vitamins, including vitamin K and biotin, which
are absorbed in the colon.
Defecation
• Once waste products, including
undigested food and bacteria,
accumulate in the colon, they
form feces

• The rectum stores feces until they


are expelled through the anus
during defecation
Liver and Gallbladder
Digestion:
• Liver: Produces bile, which is
essential for the emulsification and
digestion of fats in the small
intestine.
• Gallbladder: Stores and
concentrates bile, releasing it into
the duodenum to aid in the digestion
of lipids.
• bile produced by the liver contains
bile salts that emulsify fats,
increasing the surface area for
enzymatic digestion by pancreatic
lipase.
Formation of Micelles

• Site: Small intestine (lumen)


• The products of fat digestion
(monoglycerides, free fatty acids,
cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins) are
solubilized into micelles.
• Micelles are tiny aggregates of bile salts
with lipid molecules at their core.
• Purpose: Micelles transport lipids across
the watery environment of the intestinal
lumen to the surface of enterocytes
(intestinal absorptive cells).
*****
Regulation of gastrointestinal function
Neural Regulation
Enteric Nervous System (ENS):
Myenteric Plexus: Controls smooth
muscle activity, regulating peristalsis and
sphincter function.
The submucosal: plexus regulates
secretory activity in response to local
stimuli.
local stimuli:
• stretching of the GI wall
• Presence of food in the lumen (e.g.,
proteins, fats)
• Acid in the stomach or duodenum
triggers specific secretory responses
(e.g., bicarbonate release)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Parasympathetic Nervous System:


• Enhances motility (e.g., via the vagus nerve).
• stimulation enhances secretion (e.g., salivary glands,
gastric glands)
Sympathetic Nervous System:
• Inhibits motility.
• Typically reduces secretion
Hormonal Regulation

• Cholecystokinin (CCK): Slows gastric emptying to allow


digestion in the small intestine. Stimulates pancreatic enzyme
secretion and gallbladder contraction.

• Gastrin: Stimulates stomach contractions and gastric


emptying. stimulates gastric acid secretion from parietal cells
and promotes pepsinogen release.

• Secretin: Modulates gastric motility to prevent excessive acid


delivery to the small intestine Stimulates bicarbonate secretion
from the pancreas and inhibits gastric acid secretion
Hormonal Regulation

• Motilin: Stimulates migrating motor complexes (MMCs),


which clear the GI tract between meals

• Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): Inhibits gastric secretion


and motility while enhancing insulin release

• Somatostatin: Inhibits acid secretion and the release of


digestive hormones
Portal circulation
1.Steps of gastric acid
formation

2.factors affect gastric


empty

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy