PPT year 12 -Chemical Equillibrium (1)

CHEMICAL EQUILLIBRIUM
Learning Objective
To understand Le Chatlier’s principle,
To use Le Chatelier’s principle to deduce qualitatively
(from appropriate information) the effects of changes in
temperature, concentration, pressure or presence of a
catalyst on a system at equilibrium.
To deduce expressions for equilibrium constants in terms
of concentrations, Kc
To use the Kc and K p expressions to carry out
calculations
A reaction in which the reactants are converted to products and
products are converted back to the original reactants is called a
reversible reaction. Chemical reaction in which the forward
reaction and the backward reaction take place at the same time.
Equillibrium: The products react together to re-form

reactants at the same time as the reactants are forming
products. This type of reversible reaction is called an
equilibrium reaction.
YEAR 11 CHEMISTRY Characteristics of equilibrium
1. It is dynamic.
Ans: M1-The rates of forward and backward reactions
are equal.
M2-Concentration of reactants and products remain
constant.
M3. It requires a closed system. A closed system is
one in which none of the reactants or products
escapes from the reaction mixture. There is no loss of
matter.
Changes in both concentration and temperature affect the position
of equilibrium. When any of the reactants or products are gases,
changes in pressure may also affect the position of equilibrium.
Le Chatelier’s Principle:
If a change is made to a system at dynamic equilibrium,
the position of equilibrium moves to minimise this
change.
How does change in concentration
affect the position of equilibrium?
When the concentration of one or more of the reactants
is increased:
the equilibrium shifts to the right to oppose the increase
in concentration of reactants to reduce the effect. So
more products are formed until equilibrium is restored.
N2 3H2 2NH3
When the concentration of one or more of the
products is increased:
the equilibrium shifts to the left to oppose the increase

in concentration of products to reduce the effect. So
more reactants are formed until equilibrium is restored.
N2 3H2 2NH3
The effect of pressure in a gas
phase reaction
What happens when we increase the pressure?
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, the reaction shift in
the direction that decreases the number of moles of gas.
What happens when we decrease the pressure?
The reaction shift in the direction that increases the
number of moles of gas.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Effect of change in temperature
An increase in temperature favours endothermic reaction.
A decrease in temperature favours exothermic reaction.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ΔH = -ve
So decrease in temperature favours forward reaction and
increase in temperature favours backward reaction
Equillibrium Constant in terms of concentration, Kc
aA + bB cC + dD
Kc =
mA + nB pC + qD
• The concentration of pure solids and liquids ( not
aqueous) is considered as 1. So they are not included in
the Kc expression.
• If water is a solvent, then it is not included in the Kc
expression. But if it is the product of the reaction, it is
included in the Kc expression.
• Only temperature affects the value of Kc.( No effect of
pressure, concentration and catalyst)
Write the equilibrium expression for the reaction
2 mole of H2 and 2 mole of Cl2 are placed in a 2 L vessel, find
the equbm concentration of H2,Cl2 and HCl?( ICE method)
H2 + Cl2 2HCl Kc = 16
H2 + Cl2
2HCl
Initial conc: 2mole/2L 2mole/2L 0
Change in conc: -x -x + 2x
Eqbm conc: 1-x 1-x 2x
16 = (2x)2
(1-x) 1-x)
Taking square root on both sides 4 = 2x/1-x
x = 0.67
Eqbm concentration = [H2] = 1-0.67 = [Cl2] = [HCl] =
Partial pressure and mole fractions
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
0
PCl5 PCl3 Cl2
Initial 2.00 0 0
Change(react
ed or
-x +x +x
produced)
Eqbm 2-0.8 0.800 0.800
PPCl5 = mol fraction x Ptotal
=1.20
SO2 O2 SO3
Initial
Change
Eqbm
Neutralisation: Acid + Base Salt + water
Acid is a substance that neutralize base and base is a substance that
neutralize acid
A base is a compound that contains oxide or hydroxide

ions and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water.
Alkalis are bases which are soluble in water.
HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O
A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen

ions. Acid is a substance that donates hydrogen
ions.
The Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids
and bases
A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a proton donor.
A Brønsted–Lowry base is a proton acceptor.
H2SO4 + HNO3 HSO4- + H2NO3+
H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H3O+

Strong acid: Acids that completely dissociates in aqueous solution
Strong base: Bases that completely dissociates in aqueous solution
HCl H+ + Cl-
0.1 mol/dm3 0.1 mol/dm3
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0.1 mol/dm3 0.1 mol/dm3

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CHEMICAL EQUILLIBRIUM

Equillibrium: The products react together to re-form

the equilibrium shifts to the left to oppose the increase

A base is a compound that contains oxide or hydroxide

A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen

H2SO4 + HNO3 HSO4- + H2NO3+

H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H3O+

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