By: Neil Fe M.

Campos
Quarter 3
REGULATION of FEEDBACK
MECHANISM for HOMEOSTASIS
by the
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Goal!
Describe how the nervous system coordinates
and regulates these feedback mechanisms to
maintain homeostasis
The same way, all parts of our body are connected to one
another to serve a perfect purpose.
The Nervous System controls and
interprets all the activities that
happen within the body. It
enables us to move, think, laugh,
feel pain, or enjoy the taste of
food. It makes the body respond
quickly to changes in the
environment by accomplishing the
four basic functions, namely:
1. gathers information both from the
outside and from inside the body;
2. sends information to muscles, glands,
and organs so they can respond
correctly;
3. transmits information to the
processing areas in the brain and spinal
cord and
4. processes information to determine
the best response.
Neurons are cells with the special
ability to carry signals or impulses.
Thoughts, emotions, learning, and
many-body functions are carried
by nerve impulses in the neurons.
A nerve impulse is a combination
of an electrical charge and a
chemical reaction. It is not a flow
of electricity but an
electrochemical signal that is
moving along a neuron.
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis:

Ensures the body’s

internal environment
remains steady
despite changes
both inside and
outside the body
Understanding Homeostasis
Being a multicellular organism:

We eat, we sweat, drink, dance, eat some more, have salty fries, have
fatty foods, yet our body composition remains almost the same.

Our body has all sorts of regulatory mechanisms that work to keep
internal environment constant in spite of changes in the external
environment.
Examples of Homeostasis
 Our normal body temperature near 37⁰C or 98.6⁰F is
maintained.
 Concentrations of O2, CO2, sodium, potassium,
calcium, glucose etc. are kept relatively steady in blood.
Control of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is continually being disturbed.
 Mild and temporary
 Intense and prolonged

When any factor (internal/external) begins to change

the internal environment away from its optimum
conditions, our body systems start an appropriate
counter-reactions to minimize the changes.
The regulation of homeostasis
depends on three mechanisms:

Receptor
The receptor is the sensing component responsible for monitoring and
responding to changes in the external or internal environment.
Control Center
The control center is also known as the integration center. It receives and
processes information from the receptor.
Effector
The effector responds to the commands of the control center. It could either
oppose or enhance the stimulus.
What is a feedback mechanism?
A feedback mechanism is a physiological regulation
system in a living body that works to return the body
to its normal internal state, or commonly known
as homeostasis.
A feedback loop is a mechanism
used to bring the body back to the
internal steady state of homeostasis.
I.e. when the body deviates from
homeostasis, there is a signaling
processed triggered that will start the
mechanisms necessary for the stable
state of homeostasis to be reached
There are two types of feedback mechanisms:
 Negative feedback, which is when the end results of
action inhibit that action from continuing to occur.
Output reduces the original effect of stimulus.
 Positive feedback is when the end products of
action cause more of that action to occur in a
feedback loop. Output enhances or increases the
original effect of stimulus.
Negative Feedback Loop
Does the word ‘Negative’ mean that these feedback loops are bad?
Negative feedback loops are generally good because they help maintain
homeostasis! The “negative” in the name just means that they act against a
stimulus.
Do negative feedback loops only cause decreases in physiological variables?
The word “negative” may also imply that negative feedback loops only cause
physiological variables to decrease. However, negative feedback loops can
cause variables to increase or decrease. The “negative” in the name just
means that they counteract a stimulus to bring it back to its set point.
Negative Feedback Loop
The primary way that organisms maintain homeostasis is through negative feedback loops. These feedback
loops counteract, or oppose, a change in the organism.

Example #1: Regulation of body temperature

•If body temperature is too high, the person
begins to sweat and blood vessels dilate
(widen), increasing blood flow to the skin. This
increases the amount of heat lost to the
Receptor surroundings.

•If body temperature is too low, the person

begins to shiver so that their muscles will
generate more heat through cellular
respiration. In addition, blood vessels constrict
(narrow), decreasing blood flow to the skin
which limits heat loss.
Negative Feedback Loop
The primary way that organisms maintain homeostasis is through negative feedback loops. These feedback
loops counteract, or oppose, a change in the organism.

Example #1: Regulation of body temperature

Homeostatic regulation can also
involve behaviors to stay near or return
to a set point. For example:
Receptor
•If a person gets too hot, they may feel
like lying down without moving, which
will minimize heat production.

•If a person gets too cold, they might

feel like moving around, or they may
seek out a source of warmth.
Negative Feedback Loop
Example #2: Blood sugar regulation
When blood sugar levels rise after eating a meal, the pancreas responds by
producing and then releasing the hormone insulin into the blood. When
insulin binds to receptors located on the liver, it triggers the liver to take up
glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose concentrations.
Example #3: Blood sugar regulation
Blood vessels have sensors called baroreceptors that detect if blood
pressure is too high or too low and send a signal to the hypothalamus. The
hypothalamus then sends a message to the heart, blood vessels, and
kidneys, which act as effectors in blood pressure regulation. If blood
pressure is too high, the heart rate decreases as the blood vessels increase
in diameter ( vasodilation ), while the kidneys retain less water.
 Negative Feedback Loop
Example #4: Regulation of water balance
When blood water levels drop, the concentration of substances dissolved in
the blood increases. The hypothalamus detects this change and signals to
the posterior pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH prompts kidneys to reduce the amount of water entering the urine.
The hypothalamus also initiates the feeling of thirst so that the person will
drink more water.
Example #5: Hormone during Menstrual Cycle
High levels of one hormone may inhibit the production of another hormone.
High level of estrogen inhibits the release of FSH and high level of
progesterone inhibits the production of FSH and LH.
Positive Feedback Loop
Some biological processes, however, require positive feedback loops. These loops amplify a
starting signal, moving a system away from its starting point. Positive feedback loops are
usually found in processes that need to be pushed to completion, not when conditions
need to be maintained.
Example #1: Childbirth
During childbirth, the muscles of the uterus contract, or tighten. These
contractions push the baby’s head against the cervix. This activates neurons in
the mother’s brain, which stimulate to release the hormone oxytocin.
Oxytocin causes an increase uterine contractions. So, when oxytocin is
released and acts on the uterus, stronger contractions cause the pressure on
the cervix which causes the release of even more oxytocin, which produces
even stronger contractions.
Positive Feedback Loop
Example #2: Lactation
When an infant suckles on the breasts of the mother, a chemical called
prolactin gets released, which increases the production of milk. More suckling
leads to the release of more prolactin which promotes more production of
milk.

Example #3: Blood Clotting

When a blood vessel is injured, platelets stick to the damaged site and release
chemicals that attract more platelets, which eventually form a platelet plug
and start to seal off the damaged blood vessel. The plug, in turn, initiates a
series of reactions that produce fibrin. Fibrin can then trap more platelets and
blood cells. This helps the body rapidly to prevent further blood loss.
Positive Feedback Loop
Example #2: Lactation
When an infant suckles on the breasts of the mother, a chemical called
prolactin gets released, which increases the production of milk. More suckling
leads to the release of more prolactin which promotes more production of
milk.

Example #3: Blood Clotting

When a blood vessel is injured, platelets stick to the damaged site and release
chemicals that attract more platelets, which eventually form a platelet plug
and start to seal off the damaged blood vessel. The plug, in turn, initiates a
series of reactions that produce fibrin. Fibrin can then trap more platelets and
blood cells. This helps the body rapidly to prevent further blood loss.
Complete the statements

 Negative feedback loops (A. counteract, B. amplify) a

stimulus. These loops (A. drive physiological processes,
B. return a system to a steady state).

• Positive feedback loops (A. counteract, B. amplify) a

stimulus. These loops (drive physiological processes,
B. return a system to a steady state).
Match each response to the stimulus it most directly counteracts.
Stimulus Response
A. Water output in urine
C Body temperature increases increases

D Glucose levels in the blood decreases B. Breathing rate increases

A Water levels in the body increase. C. Sweat production increases

D. Release of sugars from the
B CO2 levels in the blood increase liver increase
Match each term with its definition.
Term Definition
A. an area that receives and processes signals
C sensor about the body, then coordinates a response
B. a body component that carries out the response
A Control center to a stimulus
C. a body component that monitors internal and
B effector external conditions, detecting stimuli
Homeostasis Breakdown
The failure of homeostasis function in an internal environment will
result in illnesses or diseases. In severe cases, it can even lead to
death and disability.
Many factors can affect homeostasis. The most common are:
•Genetics.
•Physical condition.
•Diet and nutrition.
•Venoms and toxins.
•Psychological health.
•Side effects of medicines and medical procedures.
CONCEPT CHECK!
1. In the body, this only occurs in blood clotting and during the
birth of a baby.
a. homeostasis
b. negative feedback
c. positive feedback
d. positive and negative feedback
2. Which of the following body systems controls and coordinates
all body activities through electric impulses/ messages between
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?
a. nervous system
b. endocrine system
c. muscular system
d. reproductive system
3. Homeostasis is best described by which of the following
statements?
a. It is a state of equilibrium that is not observed among
invertebrates
b. It refers to the wildly fluctuating internal environment of an
organism's body.
c. It is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal
environment and often incorporates a form of a feedback
regulation
d. It is the maintenance of a relatively stable external
environment and often incorporates a form of feedback
regulation
4. Feedback mechanism is a process where the level of one
substance affects the level of another substance. Which two
substances exhibit this process?
a. Follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen
b. Insulin and follicle-stimulating hormone
c. Luteinizing hormone and glucagon
d. Estrogen and luteinizing hormone

5. If the environment gets cold, we often shiver in order to:

a. regulate blood pressure and blood sugar level
b. keep body temperature the same as the external temperature
c. increase body temperature same as the internal temperature
d. decrease body temperature same as the external temperature
6. As you get dehydrated, your blood becomes thicker and harder
to pump, your kidneys will respond by stopping urine
production, sending the water from urine into your bloodstream
to thin your blood back to the normal level. What feedback
mechanism is being described?
a. positive lifestyle
b. negative lifestyle
c. negative feedback mechanism
d. positive feedback mechanism
7. During a hot, humid day, how will your body achieve
homeostasis aside from fanning yourself?
a. sweating
b. shaking
c. drinking hot beverage
d. wearing thick clothing
8. Failure to maintain homeostasis could result in which of the
following?
a. the normal range of the hormones in the blood
b. lack of internal balance and difficulty in carrying metabolism
c. sufficient production of insulin and glucagon in the pancreas
d. maintained normal body temperature and amount of water
in the body
9. Ate Gurlie skipped her lunch for the day. How will the hormones
from the pancreas help her body cope with the abnormally low
blood sugar level?
a. Glucagon is released to convert blood sugar to glycogen.
b. Insulin is released to convert blood sugar to glycogen.
c. Glucagon is released to increase blood sugar levels.
d. Insulin is released to increase blood sugar levels.

10. What are the 3 components involved in homeostasis?

sensor, control center, effector
 Franza Alido
Ferraren Albarico

Fernandez Aragon

Ejercito Bangue

Duman-Ag Benitez

Doller Berenio

Diary Bernabe

Dela Rosa Cadelinia

Dag-Uman Daipal
Angel
Derio-Ariedo

SPIN