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Lesson15 ISLAMIC

The document outlines the history and architectural characteristics of Islamic architecture, beginning with the rise of Islam in the 7th century and its subsequent spread through military conquests and cultural exchanges. It describes key elements of Islamic social structure, religious beliefs, and the significance of mosques, highlighting notable structures such as the Great Mosque of Damascus and the Taj Mahal. The architectural style is characterized by abstract decorations, symmetry, and a focus on the direction of Mecca.

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19 views22 pages

Lesson15 ISLAMIC

The document outlines the history and architectural characteristics of Islamic architecture, beginning with the rise of Islam in the 7th century and its subsequent spread through military conquests and cultural exchanges. It describes key elements of Islamic social structure, religious beliefs, and the significance of mosques, highlighting notable structures such as the Great Mosque of Damascus and the Taj Mahal. The architectural style is characterized by abstract decorations, symmetry, and a focus on the direction of Mecca.

Uploaded by

johnacosta021824
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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History of

Architecture
lesson 15
Islamic
June 7, 2019
The Historical Timeline of Architecture
Islamic
History
 The religion of Islam began in Saudi Arabia
 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
 Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and to
accept the will of god “Islam”
 Arabs of Mecca rejected this message
 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and
converted the people into Islam
 Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military
organization tasked with spreading the faith was established
 Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all its idols
and converted it to Islam
Islamic
History
 Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers were
ready to spread his teachings
 Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread Islam
 North into Central Asia
 Westward to Africa
 Along trade routes into India
 Among the Turks and Mongols
 Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and racial
movements
 Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with annual
pilgrimage to Mecca
Islamic
Social
 Tribal groups
 Public life was reserved for men (women had a
secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
 Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were
given the freedom of worship and self-government
 Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
learning
 Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly
writings from Greek, Persian and Indian
 Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and
science
Islamic
Religion
 Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
 Complete philosophy of life and government
 One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet
 Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation
 Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life
 Personal humility
 Abhorrence of image worship
Islamic
Religion
 Koran
 Muhammad wrote down the words of
angels who brought him messages from Allah
 After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy book
 Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to praise him
 5 Pillars of Islam
 Declaring faith in god,
 Prayer,
 Fasting,
 Giving to charity,
 Pilgrimage to Mecca
 Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to spread
the faith and defend it from attack
Islamic
Architectural Character
 Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with no
architectural tradition
 Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different
circumstances
 No essential difference in techniques between religious and non-
religious buildings
 Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic and
plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather
than a focal element
 Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors established
forms
 Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect creation)
 Centered upon God
 Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards Mecca
Islamic
Architectural Character
Decorations
 in lieu of human and animal forms:
abstract and geometric motifs,
calligraphy, floral abstraction,
geometric interlacement, mouldings
and friezes, carvings in bas relief,
stone inlay and mosaic, patterned
brickwork, ceramic and glass
mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles
in marble
Islamic
Structures
Mosque
 The prophet Muhammad called on
people to honor Allah in prayer -
mosques were built wherever
Islam had spread Grand Mosque, Cotabato
 Principal place of worship
 Building used for Friday prayer
 Prime purpose was contemplation
and prayer
 Could also be used as a school,
place for transactions, storage for
treasures, place for hearing official
notices
Pink Mosque, Philippines
Islamic
Structures
Mosque
 Masjid - small prayer house
 Madrassah - religious college
and mosque
 Inward-looking building
 Courtyard with sides
punctuated with gateways,
prayer chambers and porches
Mosque
 No positive object of attention or adoration
 Conceived around an axis towards Mecca
 In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut into it,
showing the direction of Mecca
Islamic
Structures
Parts of a Mosque
 Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a
fundamental feature
 Fawwara – fountain
 Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
 Dikka - reading desk
 Maqsura – an enclosure, a box or wooden
Mosque
screen near the mihrab
 Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial
announcements
 Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
 Minaret - tower from which a call to
prayer is made
 Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca Maqsura
Islamic
Personalities:
Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer

Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer

Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial,


or spiritual leader of Islam

Sufi - holy man


Islamic
Structures
The Great Mosque, Damascus
 Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
 Stood in a walled temenos
Islamic
Structures
Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo
 Was completed in 879 AD on Mount Yashkur in a settlement named
al-Qata'i by the founder of Egypt's Tulunid Dynasty (868-905AD)
Ahmad ibn Tulun
Islamic
Structures
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)
 688 to 692 AD
 Most important Islamic structure
 Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah (from where
the prophet is believed to have made his ride to heaven)
Islamic
Structures
The Great Mosque, Cordoba
 It originally was a Catholic Christian church built by the Visigoths
 Became a Muslim Mosque, but at present a Roman Catholic Church
 The building is most notable for its arcaded hypostyle hall, with
856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite
Islamic
Structures
Saray or Seray
 Is a Persian word of origin which means “palace”
 It is a Palace with courtyards
Islamic
Structures
The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
 Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
 One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic palaces
Islamic
Structures
Tomb of Humayum, Delhi
 Mughal Architectural style & is designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, a
Persian architect chosen by Bega Begum
 It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent
 The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage in 1993

Cenotaph
Islamic
Structures
The Taj-Mahal, Agra
(1632 to 1653 AD)
 Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for
his favorite of 3 wife Mumtaz Mahal
 Covered in white marble, which
reflects the changing colors of the
sun
 more often from Persian & Arabic,
"crown of palaces“
 regarded by many as the best
example of Mughal Architecture and
is widely recognized as "the jewel of
Muslim art in India"
end

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