ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGN

Lecture Two
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

Instructor
ADDISALEM G.
 Fundamentals of Arch’al Design

Design Process & Factors

Client Brief

data collection

Research/ study/design program

Site Analysis

Zone Diagram

Bubble Diagram

Schematic Diagram

Preliminary Design

Final Design
 The client brief

 The client brief is a document that is used as a starting point in

designing a building, and is formed first by the client and

 Then refined with the help of a building designer or architect,

 in this case, you.
 Design Process
1.Data collection
1.Data collection
 information gathering about the project/user and site
 books, case study, visit, internet
 data collection includes
 - Occupants - Aesthetical Requirements
 - Functional Requirements - Bldg Service Requirements

 - Structure, Construction - Bldg Codes & Regulation

 - Material
 Design Process
1.Data collection

You have to collect data about

1.Client/user
2.Site
3.Necessary information's about the project
 Client Data Collection
BASIC FEATURES SUB FEATURES DESCRIPTION
SEX

NATURAL
AGE

PHYSICAL
CONDITION

WEIGHT
HEIGHT
 Data Collection
BASIC FEATURES SUB FEATURES DESCRIPTION
FAMILY STRUCTURE

SOCIAL
OCCUPATION

CULTURE

RELGION
ECONOMY
 Data Collection
BASIC FEATURES SUB FEATURES DESCRIPTION
HOBBY

PERSONAL
USE OF TIME

SPECIAL
 Site /land Data Collection

Site /land data collection has three basic features

1.Natural/geographical
2.Physical
3.Social aspects
 Site selection factors

It is recommended that the following (criteria) be considered when

acquiring sites.
1. Accessibility
2. Image/Visual Quality
3. Visibility
4. Demographic Patterns
5. Site Capacity
6. Neighborhood Compatibility
7. Legal Matters
8. Utilities Availability
9. Physiography
 Data Collection
BASIC FEATURES SUB FEATURES DESCRIPTION
CLIMATE
•TEMPRATURE
•RAIN FALL
•WIND
•HUMIDITY ETC
NATURAL SOIL
•TYPE
•GRAINS IZE
•BEARING CAPACITY
•COLOR

VEGITATION
ALTITUDE
SUN DIRECTION

WATER BODY
GEOLOGY
WWILD LIFE
HAYDROLOGY
 Data Collection
BASIC FEATURES SUB FEATURES DESCRIPTION
SIZE

PHYSICAL
AREA

SHAPE
TOPOGRAPHY
 Data Collection
BASIC FEATURES SUB FEATURES DESCRIPTION

INFRASTRUCTURE
•WATER SUPPLY
•ELECTRIC
•TELE ETC
SOCIAL
SECURITY
TRAFFIC FLOW
PRIVACY
NOISE
VISIBILITY

SENSORY
•ODOR
•SMOKE
•DUST
SITE CONDITION
•USE OF LAND
•COST
•HISTORIC BACKGROUND
•DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL
 Design Process

2.Design Program/Study/Research

Deep study conduct on the collected data

 A table consisting of space (room) types & their area
 Based on Design Brief and Data collection
E.g.
 Living …………………………..30m2
 Kitchen…………………………12m2
 Master Bed Rm. ……….……….20m2
 Consult & check weather you attained the client’s need
 Data Collection

NO ROOM/SPACE/ QTY AREA

ACTIVITY
1 IVING ROOM 1 24

2 BED ROOM 3 12

6
 Design Process
3.Site Analysis

3.Site Analysis
 Gather relevant information about the properties of the site, from
topography to climate to wind pattern and vegetation
 Design Process
3.Site Analysis

Objective of Site Analysis

To enable designer pre-informed about site factors so that he/ she
incorporate these factors in the design process
Specific Objectives of Site Analysis
To avoid inappropriate design responses to the site
To develop greater efficiency when designing
To discover interrelationships between site factors
To maximize date amount for the design process
To analyze the impact of the surrounding on the building
 Design Process
3.Site Analysis

Site Analysis Elements

 Analyze these features and incorporate them into the design

Site Analysis List

 Sub Surface Analysis

 Climatic Analysis

 Sensory Elements Analysis

 Circulation Analysis

 Natural & Man Made Elements Analysis

 Urban Context Analysis


 Design Process:
3. Site Analysis
Climate Analysis
These Factors Include
 Temperature
 Attitude
 Rainfall And Snow
 Prevailing Wind
 Sun Orientation
 Earthquake
 Design Process:
3. Site Analysis
Circulation Analysis
These Factors Include
 Vehicular Traffic
 Pedestrian Traffic
 Design Process:
3. Site Analysis
Natural & Man Made Elements Analysis
These Factors Include
 Greenery
 Topography
 Water Bodies
 Existing Structures
 Walk Way
 Design Process:
3.Site Analysis
Urban Context Analysis

• These factors include

• Height
• Form
• Materials
• Elements
• Principles
 Design Process:
3. Site Analysis
Sensory Analysis
These Factors Include
 Noise
 View
- View
 Smell Smell + View
`

Noise
 Design Process:
3. Site Analysis
Sub Surface Analysis
These Factors Include
 Geology: Geological History Of The Area, Bedrock Type & Depth Etc.

 Hydrology: Underground Water Table, Aquifers, Springs Etc.

 Soil Genesis: Erosion Susceptibility, Moisture (Pf), Reaction (Ph)

Organic Content, Bearing Capacity Etc.
 Design Process:
3. Site Analysis
Building Code Analysis
These Factors Include
 Height Restriction
 Function Restriction
 Set Backs Regulation
 BAR- Built Up Area Ratio
 Design Determinants

• The process of identification and systematic organization of Site

(Contextual) factors(criteria) which guide decision making in the buildings
• The process of identifying design determinants is called Site or Contextual
Analysis
• Site (Context ) is defined as the “whole situation”, background or
environment relevant to some event or product.
Design Determinants
 Design Process:
4. Zone Diagram

4. Zone Diagram

 Spaces which have similar & related function form zone

 Zone 1( Living Zone) Lobby, Living Rm, Garage, Veranda etc

 Zone 2( Meal Zone) Kitchen, Dining Rm, Breakfast Rm etc

 Zone 3( Sleeping Zone) Master Bed, Ch. Bed, Bath Rm. Etc

 Zone 4( Utility Zone) Store, Laundry, Traditional kitchen etc

Zoning helps to decide

-Location - Orientation -Privacy
-Level - Circulation
 Design Process:
4. Zone Diagram
 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
5.Bubble Diagram
 Zone diagram provides rough layout & arrangement
 but it is bubble diagram that provides rooms/ spaces
- Relationship - Orientation
- Location - Circulation
 Bubbles represent rooms/spaces
 Arrows represent circulation
 Bubble diagrams are floor plans in terms of bubbles
 Try to develop as many bubble diagram as possible till you meet different
design requirements
 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
Bubble diagrams represent
1.Spaces
2.Circulations
3.Spatial relationships
Spatial relationships in bubble diagrams represented by the
following lines

Unnecessary
Poor(necessary)
Good(important)

Very good(very important)

 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
• Remember, several of the types of spaces to incorporat
e into your bubble diagram area as follows: 1) Private areas. 2
) Public areas. 3) Circulation areas.
 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
 Design Process:
5.Bubble Diagram
 Design process
6.Schematic Diagram

 From the bubble diagram the schematic diagram develops

 Schematic diagram is a one line drawing
 At this point, think also about the appearance of the building.
 Spaces start to get exact shape, size and location
 Consider also the impact of design factors
 You try a number of schematic diagram untill you attain the clients
needs and tests
 Design Process:
6. Schematic Diagram
 Architectural design approaches

• There are six types of design approaches

1.Rectlinear
2.Rectlinear-45
3.Radial
4.Arc and tangent
5.Iregular
6.Curvelinear
Concept development
Concept development
Concept development
Concept development
 Design process
7. Preliminary Design

7. Preliminary Design
• Establishing the overall shape and form of the building envelope.

•Develop the schematic diagram to preliminary design

 Widening walls
 Including openings

 Structural elements

 Adding furniture

 Selecting interior and exterior finishing materials

 Type of roof
 Design process
7. Preliminary Design

During the preliminary design phase, designers will also typically

articulate the features of the building envelope,
 proposing the exterior wall materials and assemblies,
 preliminary window placements, day lighting and
 shading features, and the roof form.
 Design process
7. Preliminary Design
 Design process
8.Final Design
After getting confirmation from your client start the final design
includes
 A rendered plans,
 Section,
 Elevations,
 Site plan,
 3Ds or models
 Design process
8.Final Design

 During the final design stage the detailed architectural and engineering
drawings (the blueprints) of all physical components of the project are
produced.

 In some complex projects, such as multi-disciplinary research centers, it is

necessary to prepare in addition a written final design report. This
summarizes the facility as designed.
 Design process
8.Final Design

 Virtually all design problems must have been resolved before the end of the
final design stage.
 Sufficient detail must be provided by the drawings and the report to allow
reasonably accurate estimates of construction and operating cost, as well as
the construction scheduling.
 All revisions to construction materials, machinery, and equipment
specifications are made.
 The updated schedule, cost estimates and specifications are contained in the
final design report.
Design process
8.Final Design
 Solutions for Problems
in architectural design

Problems originated from two sources

1.environment-function
2.function-function
Ways of getting solutions
1.Separation 5.transpositin
2.Compostion 6.mixng
3.Illumination 7.reversing
4.Relocation 8.adaptation
 Solution levels in architectural design
1.Formal/spatial organization
2.Material
3.Thechnology
THANK YOU