Scribd
Upload
16 views

Descriptive Statistics

The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics, focusing on data collection, presentation, and summarization techniques. It discusses various statistical tables, their components, and advantages, as well as graphical representations like bar diagrams, pie diagrams, histograms, and other visual tools for displaying data. Additionally, it covers cross-tabulation and the importance of clarity in presenting numerical information.

Uploaded by

mansipal2611
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

Descriptive Statistics

The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics, focusing on data collection, presentation, and summarization techniques. It discusses various statistical tables, their components, and advantages, as well as graphical representations like bar diagrams, pie diagrams, histograms, and other visual tools for displaying data. Additionally, it covers cross-tabulation and the importance of clarity in presenting numerical information.

Uploaded by

mansipal2611
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics are


concerned with the collection,
presentation, organization, and
summarization of data
Classification
• Eliminates unnecessary details
• Brings out clearly the points of similarity
and dissimilarity
• Allows comparisons and drawing of
inferences
Frequency Distribution
The number of times a certain value of the
variables is repeated in the given data is
known as frequency and a table so formed
is known as frequency distribution
STATISTICAL TABLES
A statistical table is an orderly and systematic
presentation of numerical data in columns and
rows. Columns are vertical arrangements; rows
are horizontal. The main objective of a statistical
table is to present the numerical facts to direct
the attention of the reader to the relevant
information. Some of the main advantages of
tabular presentation over descriptive statements
are :
contd…
• Tabulated data can be easily understood than
facts stated in the form of descriptions.
• They leave a lasting impression.
• They facilitate quick comparison.
• Statistical tables make easier the summation of
items and detection of errors and omissions.
• A tabular arrangement makes it unnecessary to
repeat explanations, phrases and headings.
Parts of Tables
The following parts must be part in all tables;
(I) Title, (2) Caption. (3) Stubs, (4) Body.
There are, however other parts whose
presence depends upon the specific
purpose. They are (5) Head note (or
Prefatory note). (6) Footnote, and (7)
Source note.
Title: A complete title explains in brief and
concise language (a) what the data are,
(b) where the data are, (c) time period of
data, and (d) how the data are classified.

Captions: The title of the columns are given


in captions. In case there is a sub-division
of any column, there would be sub-caption
headings also.
Stubs: The titles of the rows are called stubs. The
box over the stub on the left of the table gives
description of the stub contents, and each stub
labels the data found in its row of the table.
Body: The body of the table contains the numerical
information.
Headnote: (or prefatory note) is a statement, given
below the title, which clarifies the contents of the
table.
Footnote: It is a statement which clarifies
some specific items given in the table, or
explains the omission thereof.
Source: The source from where the data
contained in the table has been obtained
should be stated. This would permit the
reader to check the figures and gather, if
necessary, additional information.
Cross-Tabulation
This techniques is used when the frequency
distributions of two or more variables are
to be shown simultaneously in one table.
The technique becomes useful when the
variables are supposedly associated or
inter-related. For example: i) income and
level of education, ii) education, income
and family size, and so on.
Bar Diagram
Bar diagram consist of drawing a group of
equidistant rectangles, drawn, either
vertically or horizontally, one for each
group or category of the data in which the
values are represented by the length or
height of the rectangles, the width of the
rectangles, being arbitrary and immaterial.
All the bars should be constructed on the
same base line and uniform spacing
should be given between different bars.
Pie Diagram
Also known as angular diagram and circular
diagram. Each component part is to be
expressed proportionately in degrees
(component value/total value)*360 degree.
Histogram
It is basically a graphical technique of
presenting a frequency distribution. It is
more easy to comprehend and, therefore,
is used quite widely to make the basic
distributional characteristics clear to both
statisticians and non-statisticians.

contd…
A set of rectangles are drawn vertically on
all class intervals and the area of each
rectangles is so made as to represent the
number of observations or the frequency
in the class interval on which the rectangle
stands. The usual practice is to make the
heights proportional to the relative
frequencies in different class intervals.
But, this practice is alright only when the
class intervals are all of equal lengths.
Line diagram
Stem-and-leaf diagram
Box-and-whisker plot

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy