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Filtration

The document discusses the principles and applications of filtration, specifically focusing on the plate and frame filter press, which is categorized as a pressure filter. It outlines the filtration process, factors affecting the rate of filtration, and operational conditions such as constant pressure and flow rate. Additionally, it includes equations for analyzing filtration data and methods for determining filter media resistance and specific resistance of the cake.

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21 views12 pages

Filtration

The document discusses the principles and applications of filtration, specifically focusing on the plate and frame filter press, which is categorized as a pressure filter. It outlines the filtration process, factors affecting the rate of filtration, and operational conditions such as constant pressure and flow rate. Additionally, it includes equations for analyzing filtration data and methods for determining filter media resistance and specific resistance of the cake.

Uploaded by

abra ham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Addis Ababa Science and Technology

University

College of Biological and Chemical Engineering


Chemical engineering department
Mechanical unit operation laboratory

Plate and frame filter press

By: Demelash Tilahun


July/2024
FILTRATION
* Filtration may be defined as the
separation of solid from a fluid by
means of a porous medium that
retains the solid but allows the fluid
to pass.
*The suspension of solid and liquid to be
filtered is known as the slurry. The Fig. Gravity filters (Eg. sand filter)
porous medium used to retain the
solids is described as the filter
medium;
* The accumulation of solids on the filter
is referred to as the filter cake,
while the clear liquid passing
through the filter is the filtrate.

Fig. Rotary vacuum filters


• Four groups of filters
• A- Gravity filters B- Vacuum filters
• C- Pressure filters D- Centrifugal filters
Plate and frame filter press
• Plate and frame filter press is under the category of pressure filters
• Due to the formation of cakes of low permeability, many types of slurry
require higher pressure difference for effective filtration than can be
applied by vacuum techniques.

(1) suspension (slurry) inlet, (2) press


forces, (3) filtrate outlet, (4) separating
chambers, (5) filter cloth (filter medium),
(6) filter frames, (7) filter plates, (8) filter
cake
Application areas of plate and frame filter press

Fig. Beer making process Fig. Plate and frame filter press during filtration
Rate of Filtration:
• All other things being equal, the object of the operation is to filter the slurry as
quickly as possible.
• The governing equation for a filtration process

• Q = dV / dt = KA ∆Pf /(μLc) = ---(1) or, expanding the total resistance R into


its components
---------(2)
where
•V= volume of filtrate, t = time of filtration , K = constant for the filter medium
and filter cake , A = area of filter medium , ∆Pf = pressure drop across the filter
medium and filter cake , μ = viscosity of the filtrate , and Lc = thickness of cake, Rf
= filter media resistance (an apparatus constant), Rc = Cake resistance , R =
Total resistance, the sum of filter media and cake resistances, α = specific resistance
of the cake (a constant, independent of cake thickness), C = mass of solid/volume of
liquid (m/L3)
Factors affecting rate of filtration
• 1- Permeability coefficient: The constant (K) represents the resistance of both the
filter medium and the filter cake. As the thickness of the cake increase, the rate of
filtration will decrease. Also the surface area of the particles .the porosity of the
cake, and rigidity or compressibility of the particles could affect the permeability
of the cake.
• 2- Area of filter medium: The total volume of filtrate flowing from the filter
will be proportional to the area of the filter. The area can be increased by using
larger filters.

• 3- Pressure drop; The rate of filtration is proportional to the pressure


difference across both the filter medium and filter cake.

∆𝑝=∆𝑝𝑓=𝑝𝑎−𝑝𝑏=(𝑝𝑎−𝑝 )+(𝑝 −𝑝𝑏)=(−∆𝑝𝑐)+(∆𝑝¿¿𝑚)¿


′ ′
• 4- Viscosity of filtrate:
• It would be expect that an increase in the viscosity of the filtrate will
increase the resistance of flow , so that the rate of filtration is inversely
proportional to the viscosity of the fluid.

• This problem can be overcome by two methods:


• a- The rate of filtration may be increased by raising the temperature of
the liquid, which lowers its viscosity. However, it is not practicable if
thermolabile materials are involved or if the filtrate is volatile.
• b- Dilution is another alternative but the rate must be doubled.

• 5- Thickness of filter cake;


• The rate of flow of the filtrate through the filter cake is inversely
proportional to thickness of the cake. Preliminary decantation may
be useful to decrease the amount of the solids.
Constant pressure (P) and constant flow rate (Q) operations
• For ease of data analysis, the two commonly used conditions are
constant pressure drop ∆pf and constant filtrate rate Q.

Constant pressure operation: If the Filter press operates under


constant pressure drop

Constant flow rate operation: If the Filter press operates under


constant volumetric flow rate

∆ Filtrate tank (D1) Filter press


f
50 cm Pressure gauge
Submersible
Pump (G2)

Valve (V1)

CaCO
CaCO3 slurry tank (D2)
3 slurry tank
Fig: Constant ∆Pf and Q Screw pump (G1)

processes
Now equations (1) and (2) give the instantaneous flow rate versus the
instantaneous pressure drop, and it should be noted that the cake
resistance Rc also varies with time due to cake buildup.

However, for constant pressure drop (∆pf) operation, Equation (2) can
be integrated and rearranged into the linearized form shown below:

t μ μα C
= R+ V -------------- --------------(3)
V / A ∆ p f 2 ∆ pA
Equation (3) allows one to evaluate both Rf and α by linear regression of
the data
Similarly, a linearized equation for a constant filtration rate (Q) can be found
by rearranging Equation (2)

∆ p ∆p μ μα C V
= = Rf + -------------- (4)
Q V /t A A2

Both Rf and α can be found by regression of the data


Almy-Lewis equation (1912 G.C)

• Because α depends on filtration conditions such as the pressure


drop across the filter, this dependence should be investigated.
The cake resistance (α) can be modeled with the Almy-Lewis
equation

n
α =k ∆ p ----------------- (5)
where k and n are regression constants.
Data collection

Loop 1: For constant ∆Pf


Loop 2: For constant Q

Table 1: Data for constant pressure drop processes (perform the


experiment for different pressure drop values)
Filtration time (t)

Height of liquid in the


filtration tank (h)

Table 2: Data for constant flow rate processes (perform the


experiment for different flow rate values)
Pressure drop

Volume of the filtrate


Determine
• The filter media resistance (Rf) for the constant ∆pf process
• The specific resistance of the cake (α) for the constant ∆pf
process
• The filter media resistance (Rf) for the constant Q process
• The specific resistance of the cake (α) for the constant Q
process
• Determine the regression equation that shows the
dependence of α on ∆pf

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