Chapter 5 Filtration
Chapter 5 Filtration
Chapter 5 Filtration
Slurry Filtrate
flow
(a) The drop in pressure from the feed to the far side of the
filter medium.
(b) The area of the filtering surface.
(c) The viscosity of the filtrate.
(d) The resistance of the filter cake.
(e) The resistance of the filter medium
and initial layers of cake.
FILTRATION
As time passes during filtration, either
- the filtrate flow rate diminishes or
- pressure drop rises
Constant-pressure filtration
- pressure drop is held constant
- flow rate allowed to fall with time
Constant -rate filtration (less common)
- pressure drop is progressively increased
Liquid passes through 2 resistance in series:
- cake resistance (zero at start & increases with time)
- filter medium resistance (impt. during early stages of filtration)
during washing, both resistances are constant, and filter medium resistance is
usually negligible
BASIC THEORY OF FILTRATION
(Kp
t/Vdt= /2)V cs +VB plotRasaKgraph
pV B
dV A p
2
A p
m
Slope = Kp/2
Time of filtration: K pV
2
t BV t/V (s/m3)
2 Intercept = B
K p
where cs
A 2 p Filtration volume , V (m3)
B Rm
Determination of constants in a constant-pressure filtration run
A p
p =total pressure drop = pcake + pfilter (N/m2)
A = filter cross section area (m2)
= specific cake resistance (m/kg)
= viscocity of filtrate ( Pa.s)
cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate (kg solids/m 3 filtrate)
V = volume of filtrate (m3)
Rm = resistance of filter medium to filtrate flow (m -1)
Example 1 ( lab scale)
Data for the laboratory filtration of CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2 K are reported as
follows at a constant pressure (-p) of 338 kN/m2. The filter area of the plate and frame
press was A=0.0439 m2 and the slurry concentration was cs=23.47 kg/m3. Calculate the
constant and Rm from the experimental data given, where t is time in s and V is
filtrate volume collected in m3.
EXAMPLE 1 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION
Rm = 10.63 x 1010m-1
Kp = 37.93 s/m6
B = 16.10 s/m3
K pV 2 37.93(3.37)2
t BV 16.1(3.37) 269.7s
2 2
CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)
Plate-&-frame filter: dV 1 1
dt f 4 K pV f B
Time of washing: t washingliquid
rateofwashing
where
dV
dt
= rate
of washing (m 3
/s)
f
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
Cleaning time - remove the cake, clean the filter, and reassemble the filter
Vf= total volume of filtrate for entire period at the end of filtration (m 3)
Example 3
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
EXAMPLE 3 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION
filtrationtime 269.7s
V = 3.37 m3 filtrate
Washing liquid = 10% filtrate volume m 3 = 0.337 m3
Time washing = ? Total filter cycle = ?
Cleaning time = 20 min
Solution:
Kp = 37.93 s/m6
B = 16.10 s/m3
dV 1 1
rate of washing (m3/s)= dt 4 K V B
f p f
dV 1
1 1.737x103 m 3 /s
dt f 4 37.93(3.37)16.1
0.337 194s
Time of washing, t washingliquid
rateofwashing 1.737x103
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
t Kp V 2
2
Flowrate of filtrate:
V W c X
tc c
where S
where Atc tc cs
1/ 2
V2 Rm /t c R /t 2c s p f /t c
2 2
t ftC K p BV V
m c
2 Atc c s
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 4
A rotary drum filter having a 33 % submergence of the drum in the slurry is to be used
to filter aqueous CaCO3 slurry as given in Example 1 using a pressure drop of 67 kPa.
The solids concentration in the slurry is 0.191 kg solid/kg slurry and the filter cake is
such that the kg wet cake/kg dry cake = m = 2. The density and viscosity of the filtrate
can be assumed as those of water at 298.2 K.
Calculate the filter area needed to filter 0.778 kg slurry/s. The filter cycle time is 250 s.
The specific cake resistance can be represented (4.37x10 )P
9 0.3
P is in Pa and is m/kg
CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION
Early stages of filtration - resistance of cake = negligible
Slurry fed to the filter by a positive-displacement pump
C is in N/m2
Filtration volume , V (m3)
Cake is incompressible:
Determination of constants in a constant-rate filtration run
Pressure as cake thickness & volume of filtrate
Total volume V: V t dV
dt
c s dV 2 Rm dV
Hence: p
2
t
A dt A dt
CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION
Example 7