Definition of Automobile

• Automobile is a “Self Propelled

vehicle” generally driven by IC Engine
and it is used for transportation of
Passengers & goods on ground.
.
• Car, Bus, Truck, Scooter etc.
Examples :
A self-propelled passenger vehicle, used for land
transport and generally has four to eight tires, and is
powered by an internal combustion engine or an
electric motor”
The branch of Engineering which deals with the
manufacturing and technology of automotive
vehicles is known as Automobile engineering.
Today automobiles play a major role in our lives,
without them luxuries of modern world cannot be
imagined.
Automobiles are used for both passenger and goods
transport, hence performing as a lifeline to humans.
Parts of Automobile
Layout of vehicle
The layout of a motorized vehicle such as a car
is often defined by the location of the engine
and drive wheels.

They are divided into

1 Front engine rear wheel drive
2 Rear engine rear wheel drive
3 Front engine front wheel drive
4 Four wheel drive
1.) Front Engine Rear Wheel
Drive(FERWD :
Rear wheel drive places the engine in the
front of the vehicle and the driven wheels
are located at the rear, a configuration
known as front engine , rear-wheel drive
layout.
In this layout a front mounted engine-
clutch-gear box unit drives a beam type
rear axle supported on leaf springs through
a propeller shaft with two universal joints.
With the help of coil springs, the front
Wheels are independently sprung. This layout
is one of the oldest layout which remains unchanged
for many years.
Advantages OF FERWD system are :
(a) Even weight distribution: Balanced
weight distribution between the front and
the rear wheels providing good handling
characteristics.
(b) For easy front wheel steering
movement.
(c) Large luggage space is provided
behind the rear seat.
.
d) Maintenance and accessibility of
engine, gear box is easy and the control
over the accelerator, clutch, choke simple.
(e) Radiator cooling is natural (by air) so
decreases the power required for cooling.
Disadvantages :
1. Reduces back seats leg room space,
2. A tunnel is needed for the propeller
shaft,
3. Reduces boot space,
4. Heavier and more expensive.
5. If stuck in mud or snow it is harder to
drive away than in a front wheel drive
car
2. Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive (RERWD)
This layout consists of placing the engine,
clutch and gearbox in the back. So taking
the space of the boot. In these type of
layout more than 50% of the weight is
on the rear axle.
The necessity of the propeller shaft is
completely eliminated. The clutch, gear
box and engine and final drive form a
Advantages :
1. Excellent traction is available while climbing hills.
2. A larger passenger space is available for the given
length of body.
3. Very compact and accessible power and
transmission assembly is provided.
4. Lot of weight at the back improves acceleration and
braking, rear wheels and disc brakes can be designed
to take a bigger amount of braking due to the weight
distribution to the rear end.
5. Passengers are comfortable from engine noise, heat
and fumes.
6. Front of the vehicle provides good visibility and by
designing the body to aerodynamic shape gives good
streaming lining.
Disadvantages :
1. At high speed, relatively high proportions of weight at
the rear axle will make the car unstable at speed. There is
a strong tendency for the vehicle to oversteer.
2. The space at the front has to be reduced to allow for
the steering lock of the front wheel.
3. Space utilized for engine compartment is wasted.
4. Difficulties with the arrangement of the engine cooling
system. Natural cooling of radiator is not possible. Power
requirement increases. Compact engine, clutch and
gearbox make servicing more difficult.
5. The wheels gets turn too sharply due to tendency of
the vehicle to over steer. This leads to turning of the
steering wheel in the opposite direction to make the
correction by driver.
3 Front Engine Front Wheel
Drive(FEFWD)
This type Of arrangement provides
optimum passenger space and a flat
floor line resulting in a transverse under
floor-longitudinal engine position.
The propeller shaft length is reduced or
neglects the propeller shaft.
Good grip with road surface due to
engine weight at front.
Power required for the cooling is
reduced. When the vehicle is to be
‘steer in’ to the curve, it provide
‘under-steer’ characteristics,
which is always preferred.
 Advantages of front engine and front
wheel drive (FEFWD)
1. Passenger and cargo spaces are good because there is no
need for a transmission shaft to the rear axle.
2. Good road adhesion is obtained due to a large part of the
vehicle weights are carried on driving wheels under
normal conditions.
3. Under steady conditions, this drive is preferred by
many drivers.
4. Lower flat floor line is provided due to dispensing with the
propeller shaft resulting less centre of gravity.
5. The engine clutch, gear box and final drive are
combined similar to a rear engine car. It provides a
more comfortable drive.
6. Because the engine and transmission system
are placed over the front wheels the road
holding is improved especially in wet and
slippery conditions.
7. Good steering stability is achieved because
the driving force at the wheels is in the
direction that the vehicle is being steered.
There is also a tendency for front-wheel
drive vehicles to understeer which can
improve drivability when cornering.

.
• Interior space:
• Since the powertr is a single unit contained in the
ain of the vehicle, there is no need
to devote
engine interior space for a driveshaft tunnel or
compartment
rear differential, the volume available for
increasing
passengers and cargo.
Engine
Inner
SPAC
E
Better handling on slippery
surface
• Slippery-surface traction: placing the mass of the
drivetrain over the driven wheels
improves traction on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.

Improved drive train efficiency

• The direct connection between engine and
transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia
of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive
vehicle with a similar engine and transmission,
allowing greater fuel economy.
Disadvantages
• More Turning Radius
• The drive shafts may limit the amount by which the
front wheels can turn, they are generally unable to
make the sharp turn .
• More Weight on front results in rapid wear of
front tires.
• Front-wheel drive has worse acceleration than
rear-wheel drive, which is why most sporty and
race cars use rear-wheel drive.
4. Mid-Engine, Rear Wheel Drive
(MERWD)
This type of engine layout places the
engine between the two axles and the rear
wheels are driven. weight is equally
distributed between front and rear wheel
Advantages :

1. Good acceleration because of back

weight transfer.
2. Efficient braking.
3. Neutral handling.
Disadvantages :
1. When accelerating some steering is
lost.
2. Require more space.
3. Difficulties with the cooling system.
5 Four Wheel Drive :
In this arrangement all the four wheels of the
vehicle are driven by the engine thus making
the entire vehicle weight available for traction

These four wheel drive vehicles are very useful on hill

station if one of the wheel slipping or skidding then
the other axle wheel transmit the tractive force to the
vehicle. The steering of the four wheel drive is hard to
operate compared with other type of drive.
Advantages :
1. Traction is nearly doubled compared to a
two-wheel drive layout.
2.Handling characteristics in normal
conditions can be configured to emulate
3. Gives sufficient power.
Disadvantages :
1.The manufacturing cost of the vehicle is
high.
2.More component and complicate
transmission.
3.Increased power-train mass, rotational
inertia and power transmission losses.
4.Increased fuel consumption compared to
2WD.
 Differentiate between front and rear
mount engine vehicle
S.No. Front mount Engine Rear mount Engine
Travelling is Travelling is less
faster and safer faster and safer
1 as compare to than front
rear mount mount engine
engine.
2 This engine This engine
vehicles have vehicles having
good road less road
adhesion due to adhesion as
large vehicle compared to
weight carrying front mount
S.No. Front mount Engine Rear mount Engine
This engine This engine
provide less provide better
3 passenger passenger
comfort comfort due to
compared to reduce noise,
rear mount heat and fumes.
engine
4 It provides high R:It provides
floor results in less floor area
more passenger result in more
space as passenger space
compared to due to
S.No. Front mount Engine Rear mount Engine
Front engine Rear engine
vehicles provide required
5 natural air powerful fan.
cooling
6 In this engine In this engine,
as compared to the rearward
the rear engine concentration of
the vehicles are weight causes
less affected. the vehicle more
affected by side
Sr.No Front mount Engine Rear mount Engine
Chance of Chance of wheel
7 wheel skidding skidding is
is less. more.
Front engine Rear engine
8 vehicles vehicles
visibility is poor visibility is good.
 FRAME AND CHASSIS

Chassis is a French term which is now

denotes the whole vehicle except body in
case of heavy vehicles. In case of light
vehicles of mono construction, it denotes
the whole vehicle except additional fittings
in the body.
 it is a basic Structure of the vehicle. It is
the back bone of the vehicle. A vehicle
with out body is called Chassis. The
components of the vehicle like Power
plant, Transmission System, Axles, Wheels
and Tyres, Suspension, Controlling Systems
like Braking, Steering etc., and also
electrical system parts are mounted on the
Chassis frame. It is the main mounting for
all the components including the body. So
it is also called as Carrying Unit.
Functions of the chassis The functions of the
chassis includes
(i) carrying the weight of the vehicle and its
passengers,
(ii) withstanding the engine and transmission
torque and thrust stresses, as well as
accelerating and braking torque
(iii) withstanding the centrifugal force while
taking a turn and
(iv) withstanding the bending load and
twisting due to the rise and fall of the
front and rear axles.
 FRAME
• The frame is the main part of the chassis on
which remaining parts of chassis are mounted.
The frame should be extremely rigid and
strong so that it can withstand shocks, twists,
stresses and vibrations to which it is subjected
while vehicle is moving on road. It is also
called underbody.
• The frame is supported on the wheels and
tyre assemblies. The frame is narrow in the
front for providing short turning radius to
front wheels. It widens out at the rear side to
provide larger space in the body
FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME:
1. To carry load of the passengers or
goods carried in the body.
2. To support the load of the body,
engine, gear box etc.,
3. To withstand the forces caused due
to the sudden braking or Acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused due
to the bad road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while
cornering
The Functions of the Chassis frame
1. To carryall the stationary loads attached to it
and loads of passenger and cargo carried in it .
2. To withstand torsional vibration caused by the
movement of the vehicle
3. To withstand the centrifugal force caused by
cornering of the vehicle
4. To control the vibration caused by the running
of the vehicle
5. To withstand bending stresses due to rise and
fall of the front and rear axles.
 TYPES OF FRAME

• (a) Conventional frame,

• (b) Semi-integral frame, and
• (c) Integral frame (or unit frame).
 Conventional Frame
• The loads of the vehicle are transferred to the
suspensions by the frame. This frame is the main
skeleton of the vehicle which is supported on the
axles through springs. The body is made of flexible
material like wood and isolated frame by inserting
rubber mountings in between. The frame is made
of channel section or tubular section of box section.
• Example : This type of frame is used for trucks.
1 – front buffer mounting bracket; 2 – the first cross member; 3 –
right side member; 4 – an arm of a forward support of the engine;
5 – extension spar of the front axle; 6 – two halves of the second
cross member; 7 – an arm of a back support of the engine; 8 –
bracket mounting support bearings of the power unit; 9 – two
halves of the third cross member; 10 – the fourth cross member;
11 – extension insert spar intermediate bridge; 12 – two halves of
the fifth cross member with reinforcing scarves; 13 – extension
insert spar rear axle; 14 – the sixth cross member; 15 – brace of
the rear cross member; 16 – reinforcement plate of the rear cross
member; 17 – a back cross-beam; 18 – kerchief brace; 19 – a
brace of a brace of a back cross-beam; 20 – left side member; 21 –
a back bracket of a forward suspension bracket; 22 – an arm of
fastening of the top ear of the shock-absorber; 23 – an arm of
fastening of a water radiator; 24 – front suspension bracket.
• Semi - Integral Frame: In some vehicles half
frame is fixed in the front end on which
engine gear box and front suspension is
mounted. It has the advantage when the
vehicle is met with accident the front frame
can be taken easily to replace the damaged
chassis frame. This type of frame is used in
FIAT cars and some of the European and
American cars.
1. In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end
on which engine gear box and front suspension is
mounted.
2. In this case the rubber mountings used in
conventional frame between frame and suspension are
replaced by more stiff mountings.
3. Because of this some of the vehicle load is shared by
the frame also. This type of frame is heavier in
construction.
4. It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with
accident the front frame can be taken easily to replace
the damaged chassis frame.
5. This type of frame is used in some of the European
and American cars.
Integral Frame or Frame-less Construction
(Monocoque)
1. This frame construction, now-a-days used in most of the
motor cars called as a frameless or chassis less or mono or
unit construction in which the floor assembly & frame form
one integral unit.
2. Need of the heavy side members are eliminated ,which is
used in conventional frame & the floor is strengthened by
cross members & body , all welded together.
3. In some cases sub-frames are also used on which various
chassis components are mounted. This sub-frames are
supported by main frame.
4. The main purpose of sub-frame are to provide isolation ,
flexibility & simplified production.
5. So, in this type of construction all components like cross
member , floor , body are welded or bolted together as one
assembly.
6. This type of construction gives more strength & rigidity.
• In this type of construction, there is no frame.
It is also called unitized frame-body
construction. In this case, the body shell and
underbody are welded into single unit. The
underbody is made of floor plates and channel
and box sections welded into single unit. This
assembly replaces the frame. This decreases
the overall weight compared to conventional
separate frame and body construction.
Integral Frame or Frame-less Construction (Monocoque
TYPES OF SECTIONS USED IN FRAMES

• Channel section,
• (b) Tubular section, and
• (c) Box section
Fig.1 Chassis-member sections. A. Square solid bar. B. Round solid bar.
C. Circular tube with longitudinal slit. D. Circular closed tube.
E. C-section. F. Rectangular box section.
G. Top-hat-section. H. I-section.
I. Channel flitch plate.
• a. Channel Section - Good resistance to
bending
• b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to
Torsion
• c. Box Section - Good resistance to both
bending and Torsion
VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME:
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken
patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a
curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the
vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.
The body of the most vehicle should fulfill the following
requirements:
1. The body should be light.
2. It should have minimum number of components.
3. It should provide sufficient space for passengers and
luggage.
4. It should withstand vibrations while in motion.
5. It should offer minimum resistance to air.
6. It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing.
7. It should be attractive in shape and colour.
8. It should have uniformly distributed load.
9. It should have long fatigue life
10. It should provide good vision and ventilation.
The automobiles bodies are designed according to
the requirement of the vehicle. According to
design and requirement of the vehicle , there are
different types of Automobiles bodies. Some of
them are listed as below :
(i) Car (ii) Straight truck or Punjab truck body
(iii) Truck with half body (iv) Platform type
truck (v) Tractor (vi) Tractor with articulated
trailer (vii) Tanker (viii) Bus (ix) Dumper
truck (x) Delivery van (x) Station wagon (xi)
Pick up van (xii) Jeep (xiv) Long wheel base
truck etc
Aerodynamic drag (Wind resistance)
which is directly proportional to the
square of the speed and is also a function
of shape
Aerodynamic drag or the wind
resistance is considered to be of prime
concern in vehicle design. The other
important issues being the vehicle
weight & fuel efficiency
Aerodynamic Drag
Drag is the aerodynamic force acting on
the moving bodies in the opposite
direction of movement.
There are many different contributors
to drag the main one’s being surface
friction, high pressure areas acting on
the front of the moving bodies and the
relatively negative pressure left behind
the moving bodies.
Aerodynamic drag can mathematically be
calculated using the following formula.
Aerodynamic Lift
Lift is the force acting in the perpendicular axis
to the motion of the moving bodies . Lift is
created when there is a pressure difference on
either side of a moving body
positive lift is created when there’s a low
pressure over the top of the moving body
when compared to the underbody.
Positive lift is vital for aircrafts during flight,
this is an unwanted effect in most motorsport
applications.
In motorsports negative lift is creates
the added force that is pushing the
vehicle into the track increases the
vehicles speeds by increasing the
vehicles grip. Aerodynamic lift can be
mathematically calculated using the
following formula.
Skin friction drag is a component
total drag which is resistant force
exerted on an object moving in a fluid.
Skin friction drag is caused by the
viscosity of fluids and is developed
from laminar drag to turbulent drag as
a fluid moves on the surface of an
object. Skin friction drag is generally
expressed in terms of the
Reynolds number, which is the ratio
between inertial force and viscous
 Pressure drag (form drag)
The pressure in the air in front of the
vehicle is not necessarily the same as
behind the vehicle . In general, there
are pressure differences. This pressure
difference cause drag on the vehicle
known as form drag
Lift and Drag Coefficients
Lift and drag coefficients are dimensionless
quantities that are given to quantify a moving
body. Coefficients are affected by the shape of
moving bodies also, surface friction for drag and
the angle of attack for lift. If the drag and lift
values have been obtained the coefficient can be
calculated using the following formulas.
 Aerodynamic Drag
The basic aerodynamic force that applies to
nearly everything that moves through the
air is drag. Drag is the force that opposes
an aircraft's motion through the air,
Drag is generated in the direction the air is
moving when it encounters a solid object.
In most cases, such as in automobiles and
aircraft, drag is undesirable because it takes
power to overcome it.
 Alternative fuels
The two most environmental hazards
threatening humanity nowadays are air
pollution and climate change . The rapid and
exponential growth of humanity is leading to a
demand of energy and fossil fuels. It has
become obvious that as population grows in
an exponential manner, so does the demand
for energy. The need for more sustainable and
clean ways of providing that energy
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
1. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a
fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol),
diesel, or propane fuel.
2. Although its combustion does produce
greenhouse gases, it is a more
environmentally clean alternative to those
fuels.
3. CNG may also be mixed with biogas,
produced from landfills or wastewater,
which doesn't increase the concentration of
carbon in the atmosphere.
USES OF CNG:
In traditional gasoline(petrol) internal
combustion engine cars that have been
converted into bi-fuel vehicles
(gasoline/CNG).
CNG is starting to be used pickup,
trucks, ,school buses and trains.
CNG can be used in modified Diesel cycle
engines.
Advantages of CNG:
1. Low NOX emission due to lower
combustion temperature.
2. High possible power output: A suitably
designed natural gas engine may have a
higher output compared with a petrol engine
3. High octane number than gasoline
4. Higher compression ratio: the octane
number of natural gas is higher than that of
petrol as this would allow for an engine
design with a higher compression ratio.
5. No possibility of fouling of spark plug:
6. Due to the absence of any lead or
benzene content in CNG, the lead
fouling of spark plugs is eliminated.
7. lower maintenance costs: when
compared with other fuel-powered
vehicles
8. Increased life of lubricating oils: CNG
does not contaminate and dilute the
crankcase oil.
10. Easy mixing with air for combustion: CNG mixes
easily and evenly in air being a gaseous fuel.
11. High auto ignition temperature: since it has a
high auto-ignition temperature (540 °C)
12. Low pollution content as compared to petrol:
lesser emissions of pollutants like carbon dioxide
(CO2), hydrocarbons(UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), sulfur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter
(PM), as compared to petrol.
An engine running on petrol for 100kms emits
22,000 grams of CO2, while covering the same
distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams of CO2
DISADVANTEGES OF CNG:
1. Greater storage space as compared to
gasoline gallon equivalent(GGE)
2. More number of equipment for gas
supply: pressure regulator , gas
injectors , gas mixer
Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)
Liquefied petroleum gas is a flammable
mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a
fuel in heating appliances and vehicles.
Production:
LPG is synthesized by refining petroleum or
"wet" natural gas, and is usually derived from
fossil fuel sources, being manufactured
during the refining of crude oil, or extracted
from oil or gas streams as they emerge from
the ground.
 Uses:
Rural heating
Motor fuel
Refrigeration
Cooking
Advantages:
1. Because LPG vaporizes when released
from the tank and is not water soluble,
LPG does not pollute underground water
sources.
2. Power and acceleration are comparable
more to those of an equivalent vehicle
fueled on gasoline. Propane has a high
octane rating of 104, in-between
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) (130)
and regular unleaded gasoline (87).
3. Refueling a propane vehicle is similar to
filling a gas grill tank; the time it takes is
comparable with that needed to fill a
CNG, gasoline or diesel fuel tank.
4. Its high octane rating enables it to mix
better with air and to burn more
completely than does gasoline,
generating less carbon. With less carbon
buildup, spark plugs often last longer
and oil changes are needed less
frequently.
5. Because it burns in the engine in the
gaseous phase, propane results in less
corrosion and engine wear than do
gasoline.
 Disadvantages:
1. In cold conditions, below 32 degrees
Fahrenheit, starting could be a
problem because of the low vapor
pressure of propane at low
temperatures.
2. One gallon of LPG contains less energy
than a gallon of gasoline. The driving
range of a propane vehicle is about 14
percent lower than a comparable
gasoline-powered vehicle.
3. LPG is generally higher priced than
other fuel alternatives such as CNG
and gasoline.
4. There is no LPG refueling sites in the
India, because LPG is allowed to use
in domestic applications only .
Difference between CNG and LPG
CNG LPG
It has various uses such as heating and
Its primary use is as an alternative for
cooking in homes. LPG also has
fuel in automobiles.
industrial and agricultural uses.
The primary component in CNG is The primary component in LPG is
methane. propane and butane.
It produces relatively lower quantities
It produces relatively large amounts of
of greenhouse gases (in comparison
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
with LPG).
It is relatively safe as it disperses It is highly flammable as it is much
rapidly into the air. heavier than air.
The primary source of obtaining CNG The main source of obtaining LPG is
is from oil wells, bed methane wells, from the process of extracting natural
coal wells and even natural gas wells. gas from reservoirs.
 Hydrogen fuel
Hydrogen is the fuel of the future. It is it interesting
field of researcher of alternative fuels and it is main
aim of automobile research students, this researcher
understands the importance of a shift to a hydrogen
economy. Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be
used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells
producing virtually no greenhouse gas emissions
when combusted with oxygen. The only significant
emission is water vapor. Hydrogen production and
storage is currently undergoing extensive research.
Block diagram of parallel hybrid electric vehicle
 Advantages of Electric Vehicle
1. Electric Vehicles have zero tailpipe
emission
2. EVs cause no noise pollution
3. Electric vehicles are maintenance free/less
maintenance
4. Low running cost
Challenges faced by Electric Vehicle
1. Lack of electric vehicle public charging stations
2. Longer charging time
1.Short range of EVs - Distance traveled by an
electric vehicle with a fully charged battery
is much less than that of a conventional
vehicle whose fuel tank is fully filled.
2.Battery replacement
Life of battery and replacement cost is a
major constraint which detaches people from
an electric vehicle. Life of electric car
battery ranges from 5 to 10 years.