The Values, Beliefs, Behavior, and Material Objects That Together Form A People's Way of Life

The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a peoples way of life.
Nonmaterial culture ideas created by members of a society. Material culture tangible things created by members of a society. Only humans rely on culture rather than instinct to ensure survival.
Culture Refers to shared way of life Nation A political entity, a territory with designed borders Society It is the organized interaction of people who typically lives in a nation
or some specific territory
Symbols Language Values Beliefs Norms
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture.
Societies create new symbols all the time.

Symbolic meaning may also vary within a single society. Reality for humans is found in the meaning things carry with them. The basis of culture; makes social life possible. Not understanding the symbols of a culture leaves a person feeling lost and isolated. Example: Flashing of Red light, Whistle, Winking an Eye
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
Language allows for the continuity of culture.

Cultural transmission the process by which one generation passes culture to the next. Every society transmits culture through speech. The Sapir-Whorf Thesis people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language. Languages are not just different sets of labels for the same reality. All languages fuse symbols with distinctive emotions.
Values
Culturally defined standards by which people assess

desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Beliefs Specific statements that people hold to be true. Values are abstract standards of goodness. Beliefs are particular matters that individuals consider true or false.
Equal Opportunity Achievement and Success Material Comfort Activity and Work Practicality and Efficiency Progress
Science
Democracy and Free Enterprise Freedom Racism and Group Superiority
Sometimes one key cultural value contradicts another. Value conflict causes strain. Values change over time.
A Global Perspective
Cultures have their own values. Lower-income nations have cultures that value survival. Higher-income countries have cultures that value individualism and self-expression.
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. Types Proscriptive Should not do Prescriptive Should do Mores and Folkways
Mores (pronounced "more-rays")

Widely observed and have great moral significance Folkways Norms for routine and causal interaction Most important norms in a culture apply everywhere and at all times. (Obedience)
Various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms
Guilt
A negative judgment we make about ourselves Shame The painful sense that others disapprove of our actions
Ideal Versus Real Culture

Ideal culture The way things should be Social patterns mandated by values and norms Real culture They way things actually occur in everyday life Social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations
Culture includes a wide range of physical human creations or artifacts.
A society's artifacts partly reflect underlying cultural values.
In addition to reflecting values, material culture also reflects a society's technology or knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.
Cultural diversity can involve social class.
Many cultural patterns are readily accessible to only some members of a society.
High culture cultural patterns that distinguish a societys elite. Popular culture cultural patterns that are widespread. Subculture cultural patterns that set apart some segment of societys population.
Counterculture
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a
society.
Dominant culture
A set of patterns favored by powerful segments of the population.
An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions.
Eurocentrism The dominance of European cultural patterns. Afrocentrism The dominance of African cultural patterns.

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The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a peoples way of life.

or some specific territory

Symbols Language Values Beliefs Norms

Societies create new symbols all the time.

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.

Language allows for the continuity of culture.

Culturally defined standards by which people assess

Mores (pronounced "more-rays")

Various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms

Ideal Versus Real Culture

Culture includes a wide range of physical human creations or artifacts.

A society's artifacts partly reflect underlying cultural values.

Cultural diversity can involve social class.

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