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Site Leveling

This document discusses levelling, which is the process of determining heights of points on the earth's surface. It explains that the objective of levelling is to carry out levelling surveys and calculate results relative to a chosen datum. Various levelling methods and instruments are described, including automatic levels, digital levels, levelling staffs, and terms used in levelling like backsight, foresight, and benchmarks. The importance of starting and ending levelling lines at known elevation points and keeping sight lengths below 50m is also outlined.

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113 views

Site Leveling

This document discusses levelling, which is the process of determining heights of points on the earth's surface. It explains that the objective of levelling is to carry out levelling surveys and calculate results relative to a chosen datum. Various levelling methods and instruments are described, including automatic levels, digital levels, levelling staffs, and terms used in levelling like backsight, foresight, and benchmarks. The importance of starting and ending levelling lines at known elevation points and keeping sight lengths below 50m is also outlined.

Uploaded by

elvin_gan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

LAND SURVEYING

LEVELLING
(Lecture 4)
1

Objective of Levelling
After studying this chapter, the student shall be able to: 1. Carry out levelling survey, & 2. Calculate the results relative to some chosen datum.

How to achieve the Objective?


Understand the background theory of levelling, & Carry out satisfactory levelling works on site.

How to achieve the Objective?


You have to ask & answer yourself the following questions: 1. What is levelling? 2. What are the required surveying instruments? 3. What are the methods of recording? 4. What are the possible errors in levelling?
4

What is LEVELLING?
The operation required in the determination of heights of points on the surface of the earth

Figure 4.1
6

Levelling from 1st Basic Principle


1st refer to Fig. 4.1 which shows a table & chair standing on a level floor. The difference in height between them could be easily found using a rule in any of the three ways: 1. By measuring upwards from a horizontal plane, i.e. the floor; 2. By measuring downwards from a horizontal plane, i.e. the ceiling; & 3. By measuring downwards from an imaginary horizontal plane established by a spirit level. 7

Levelling from 1st Basic Principle

If the spirit level was held at eye level, say 1.500m, & the horizontal plane extended over the table & chair, the plane would cut the rule held on the table at 0.850m & on the chair at 1.050m.
9

Levelling from 1st Basic Principle

In practical levelling, the simple rule is replaced by a levelling staff while the spirit level is replaced by a surveying instrument called a level. The level is, in fact, only a spirit level attached to a telescope which is mounted on a tripod.
10

Levelling from 1st Basic Principle

If the table & chair are replaced by 2 points on the surface of the earth, the simple illustration in Fig. 4.1 becomes an actual levelling exercise as in Fig. 4.2.

11

Fig. 4.2

12

Levelling from 1st Basic Principle


How to find out: 1. The difference in height between the table (pt. A) & the floor (datum)? 2. The difference in height between the chair (pt. C) & the floor (datum)? The datum, in this case, is an imaginary horizontal plane through the top of peg B.
13

LEVELLING
Datum The plane of reference where the heights of the points are referred to. Ordnance Datum The mean sea level recorded at Newlyn Harbour, Cornwall, over the period of 1915 to 1921
14

LEVELLING
Level Line h A curve line at a constant height relative to mean sea level Horizontal line A tangential to the level line at any particular point
horizontal line correction for effect of curvature h level line

mean sea level

15

Levelling Instrument

Automatic Level

21

Levelling Instrument

Digital Level

22

Levelling Instrument

Digital Level

23

Levelling Instrument

Wooden Tripod

Aluminum Tripod
24

Levelling Instrument

25

Levelling Instrument

Levelling Staff
26

Levelling Instrument

Levelling Staff
27

Levelling Terms used:


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distance Remark HPC 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. BM TBM CP OS Close Back

28

Back sight (BS)

Fore sight (FS)

29

Intermediate Sight (IS)

Change point (CP)

30

Important Points
Levelling should always start and finish at points of known reduced level so that misclosures can be detected. When only one bench mark is available, levelling lines must be run in loops starting and finishing at the bench mark
Where possible, all sights lengths should be below 50m
31

The staff must bee held vertically by suitable use of a circular bubble BS and FS lengths should be kept equal for each instrument position Readings should be booked immediately after they are observed and important readings, particularly at change points should be checked
32

Arithmetic checking must always be applied where

33

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