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Feedback Control Systems

The document provides an overview of control systems, defining key components such as systems, plants, controllers, and disturbances. It classifies control systems into open loop and closed loop types, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it discusses feedback types and their impact on system stability and performance.

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14 views

Feedback Control Systems

The document provides an overview of control systems, defining key components such as systems, plants, controllers, and disturbances. It classifies control systems into open loop and closed loop types, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it discusses feedback types and their impact on system stability and performance.

Uploaded by

itsmebasic18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Feedback Control

Systems
Engr. Vincent Danyl C. Tagaduar
Introduction to Control Systems
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants)
assembled

for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given

a specified input.
Basic Definitions
System:
- A system is a combination or an arrangement of different physical components which
act together as a entire unit to achieve certain objective.

Plant:
- The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated is called as plant
- A plant may be a piece of equipment, perhaps just a set of machine parts.
- e.g., mechanical device, a heating furnace, a chemical reactor, or a spacecraft.
Basic Definitions
Controller:
- The element of the system itself or external to the system which controls the plant or
the process is called as controller.
- E.g., ON/OFF switch to control bulb.
Basic Definitions
Disturbance:
- Disturbance is a signal which tends to adversely affect the value of the output of a system.
- Disturbance are undesirable and avoidable effects beyond our control, generated from
outside process-environment, and from within.
- If such disturbance generated within the system itself, it is called as internal disturbance
- The disturbance generated outside the system acting as an extra input to the system in
addition to its normal input, affecting the output adversely is called as an external
disturbance
- the presence of the disturbance is one of the main reason of using control
Components
Input:
- It is applied signal or an excitation signal applied to control system from
an external energy source in order to produce a specified output.
- (e.g., pressing an elevator button).

Process/Controller:
- Any operation to be controlled is called a process.
- (e.g., motor and sensors in an elevator).

Output:
- It is the particular signal of interest or the actual response obtained
from a control system when input is applied to it.
- For analysis the behavior of system for such input, it is necessary to
define the output of a system.
- (e.g., elevator reaching the desired floor).
Example

a) Automobile steering control


system.
b) The driver uses the
difference between the
actual and the desired
direction of travel to
generate a controlled
adjustment of the steering
wheel.
c) Typical direction of travel
Example
Example
The Future of Control Systems
The Future of Control Systems
Control System Design
Types of Control System
The control system may be classified into two types depending upon whether the
controlled variable i.e., output affects the reference variable i.e., input or not.

The control systems are classified into two types :

1) Open loop control system

2) Closed loop control system

Open Loop Control System


A system in which the control action is totally independent of the
output of the system is called as open loop system.
Reference input R(t) is applied to the controller which generates the
actuating signal u(t) required to control the process which is to be
controlled. Process is giving out the necessary desired controlled output c(t).
Types of Control System
Open Loop Control System
Types of Control System
Open Loop Control System

Advantages of open loop system


1) They are simple in construction and design.
2) They are economical.
3) Easy for maintenance.
4) Not much problems of stability.
5) Convenient to use when output is difficult to measure.

Disadvantages of open loop system


6) Inaccurate and unreliable because accuracy is dependent on
accuracy of calibration.
7) Inaccurate results are obtained with parameter variations, internal
disturbances.
8) To maintain quality and accuracy recalibration of the controller is
necessary from time to time.
Types of Control System
Open Loop Control System
Types of Control System

Closed - Loop Control System


A system in which the controlling action is some how dependent on
the output is called closed loop control system. Such system uses a
feedback.
A part of the output is feedback or connected to the input. i.e.,
feedback is that property of the system which permits the output to be
compared with the reference input so that appropriate controlling action can
be decided.

R(t) – Reference
Point
C(t) – Controlled
Output
B – Feedback
Signal
E – Error Signal
Types of Control System
Closed Loop Control System
Types of Control System
Closed Loop Control System

Advantages of closed loop system


1) Accuracy is very high as any error arising is corrected.
2) It senses changes in output due to environmental or parametric
changes or internal disturbances.
3) Reduces effect of non−linearity.
4) Increases Bandwidth.

Disadvantage of closed loop system


5) Complicated in design.
6) Maintenance is costlier.
7) System may become unstable
Types of Control System
Closed Loop Control System
Types of Control System
There are two types of feedbacks

Positive Feedback (Regenerative feedback)


When output is connected to input with + sign,
then it is called as positive feedback.

Negative Feedback (Degenerative feedback)


When output is connected to input with − sign,
then it is called negative feedback.
Types of Control System
Difference Between Negative and Positive Feedback in
Control Systems
Feature Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
A system where the feedback
A system where the feedback signal
signal opposes the input
Definition reinforces the input signal, increasing
signal, reducing the overall
the overall gain.
gain.
Improves system stability by Reduces system stability and can
Effect on Stability minimizing errors and lead to oscillations or system
disturbances. runaway.
Helps the system resist
Amplifies disturbances, making the
Response to external disturbances,
system more sensitive to external
Disturbances maintaining desired
factors.
performance.

Reduces steady-state error Increases error, often causing


Error Correction
and improves accuracy. instability.

Used in control systems like


Found in applications like
Common temperature regulators,
regenerative amplifiers, Schmitt
Applications automatic gain control, and

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