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Quantitative Skills 4 The ChiSquare Test

The Chi-Square Test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between observed and expected results, helping to assess the validity of experimental findings. It involves establishing a null hypothesis (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (HA) to evaluate the relationship between two variables. The test calculates a Chi-Square value, which is compared against a critical value to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

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3 views19 pages

Quantitative Skills 4 The ChiSquare Test

The Chi-Square Test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between observed and expected results, helping to assess the validity of experimental findings. It involves establishing a null hypothesis (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (HA) to evaluate the relationship between two variables. The test calculates a Chi-Square value, which is compared against a critical value to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

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gymhb860930
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Quantitative Skills 4:

The Chi-Square Test

“Goodness of Fit”
The Chi-Square (X2) Test is used to examine the
difference between an actual sample and a
hypothetical sample that would be expected
due to chance.

Possibly due to
Probably due to Probably not due to
chance
chance chance
Using Chi-Square, it is possible to discern
whether experimental results are valid, or
whether they are probably due to chance
alone.
The Chi-Square test compares two rival
hypotheses (the null hypothesis and an
alternative hypothesis) to see which
hypothesis is best supported by the data.
Establishing a null hypothesis (H0) and an
alternative hypothesis (HA)
• A null hypothesis states that there is no
relationship between two variables.
• The finding probably occurred by
chance.

• An alternative hypothesis states that


there is a relationship between two
variables.
• The finding probably did not occur by
chance.
Example : “I think my cheese will mold
if I leave it out on the counter too long.”

Example null hypothesis (H0): If cheese is kept at room


temperature for a week, then it will have the same amount of mold
on it as the same amount of cheese kept in a refrigerator for a week.

Example alternative hypothesis (HA): If cheese is


kept at room temperature for a week, then it will have more mold on
it than the same amount of cheese kept in a refrigerator for a week.
The goal of the Chi-Square Test is to either
accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• If the null hypothesis is accepted, then there
probably is no relationship between the two
variables and the experimental results were probably
due to chance alone.

• If the null hypothesis is rejected, then there probably


is a relationship between the two variables, and the
experimental results are probably not due to chance.
Observed and Expected Results

• Observed results are what you actually


observed in your experiment.

• Expected results are a theoretical prediction


of what the data would look like if the
experimental results are due only to chance.
How do you get expected results?
• If you are working with a genetics problem,
then use the Punnett square ratio as your
expected result.
• If you are working with a another type of
problem, use probability.

P(green) = .75 P(heads) = .5


Obtaining the X value: 2

Example: We flip a coin 200 times to


determine if the coin is fair.

H0: There is no statistically significant


difference between our coin flips and
what we would expect by chance. (The
coin is fair.)
HA: There is a statistically significant
difference between our coin flips and
what we would expect by chance. (The
coin is not fair.)
The Chi-Square equation:

X Ʃ
=
2 (o – e)2
e
X Ʃ
=
2 (o – e)2
e

(observed – expected )2
X 2
= (sum of all)
expected
Example: We flip a coin 200 times to
determine if a coin is fair.
Setting up this kind
of table is a VERY
good idea!

classes Observed Expected (o – e) (o – e)2 (o – e)2


e
Heads 108 100 8 64 .64
Tails 92 100 -8 64 .64
X 2
1.28
Critical Value Table

Now you need to look up your X 2 value in a


critical value table to see if it is over a certain
critical value.
Typically, in biology we use the p = 0.05
confidence interval.
• The p-value is a predetermined choice of how
certain we are. The smaller the p-value, the
more confidence we can claim. p = 0.05
means that we can claim 95% confidence.
Calculating Degrees of Freedom
Degrees of Freedom = # classes -1
• In our example experiment, the classes were
heads and tails (2 classes).
• Degrees of Freedom in our experiment
would be:

DF = 2 - 1 = 1
Accept or Reject the Null Hypothesis
• If the X 2 value is less than the critical value,
accept the null hypothesis. (The difference is not
statistically significant.)
• If the X 2 value is greater than or equal to the
critical value, reject the null hypothesis. (The
difference is statistically significant.)
In our example, the X 2 value we calculated was 1.28,
which is less than the critical value of 3.84. Therefore:

• We accept our null hypothesis.


• We reject our alternative hypothesis .
• We determine that our coin is fair.

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