HARDWARE

Internal Hardware
External Hardware
What is Hardware?
• In information technology, hardware is the physical aspect of
computers, telecommunications, and other devices.

• Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished

from the computer software that executes or runs on the hardware.

• The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, while software

and data are modified frequently. There are two types of hardware
1. Internal Hardware
2. External Hardware
Types of Hardware
• Input Devices

• Output Devices

• Storage Devices

• Storage Media
Internal Hardware devices
• Internal Hardware refers to hardware that resides inside the
computer. Ex. CPU, sound card, video card and many more.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer.
• It carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions.
• The computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least since
the early 1960s.
• Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its
processing unit and control unit (CU).
 Motherboard
• A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system
board, baseboard, planar board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the
main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose microcomputers
and other expandable systems.
• It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic
components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and
memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.
• Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems
such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory
controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general
purpose use.
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage which stores
frequently used program instructions to increase the general speed of a system.
• A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost
the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the
memory.
• In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-
RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write
data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the
recording medium.
 ROM (Read-Only Memory)
• Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and
other electronic devices.
• Data stored in ROM can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all,
• It is mainly used to store firmware (software that is closely tied to specific hardware,
and unlikely to need frequent updates) or application software in plug-in cartridges.
 Graphics Card
• A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter or
graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output
images to a display (such as a computer monitor).
• Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards,
emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics.
 Sound Card
• A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that
provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control
of computer programs.
• The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces used for
professional audio applications.
• Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia
applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation,
education and entertainment (games) and video projection.
 Hard disk drive
• A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded
data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.
• Typical desktop hard disk drives store between 120 and 400GB, rotate at 7,200 rpm,
and have a madia transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s or higher.
• Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types, including parallel
ATA(also called IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI, and Fibre Channel.
 Solid State drive
• A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store
persistent data.
• An SSD emulates a hard disk drive, thus easily replacing it in any application.
• SSDs have begun to appear in laptops because they can be smaller than HDDs.
• SSDs are currently more expensive per unit of capacity than HDDs which is why they
have not caught on so quickly.
 External Hardware devices
• External Hardware, also known as Peripherals, refers to
hardware that connects to the outside of the computer
case.
• The monitor, keyboard, and mouse are the most
common external hardware devices. The printer and
speakers are also external peripherals.
• Now we will be learning about cloud, monitor and
keyboard.
 Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources
rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications.

• In cloud computing, the word cloud (also phrased as "the cloud") is used as a
metaphor for "the Internet," so the phrase cloud computing means "a type of
Internet-based computing," where different services — such as servers, storage and
applications — are delivered to an organization's computers and devices through
the Internet.
 Monitor
• A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers.
Monitors often look similar to televisions.
• The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does
not have a television tuner to change channels.
• Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions.
• However, based on the technology used to make computer monitors, they can
be broadly categorized into three types.
• CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• LED (Light-Emitting Diodes)
 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors
• These monitors employ the CRT technology used most commonly in the
manufacturing of television screens. In this, a stream of intense high energy
electrons is used to form images on a fluorescent screen.
• These monitors are highly reliable and efficient, and are capable of generating
a resolution of up to 2048 x 1536 pixels, thereby providing a clear picture
quality. Also, CRT monitors that are now available are capable of producing
thousands of different colors.
• Secondly, CRT monitors are affordable and cost effective.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors
• These monitors are compact, lightweight, and do not consume much
desk space.
• Secondly, these monitors do not consume much electricity and can
even be operated by using batteries.
• Also, the images transmitted by these monitors do not get
geometrically distorted and have little flicker.
 LED (Light-Emitting Diodes) Monitors
• They produce images with higher contrast
• They have less negative environmental impact when disposed
• Lifespan and durability of LED monitors is more than CRT or LCD monitors
• Because of the technology, the monitor panels can be made very thin
• Do not produce much heat while running
 Keyboard
• A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions
into the computer system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device
used to enter text.
• A keyboard typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers and special
characters, as well as keys for specific functions.
• QWERTY, AZERTY, Dvorak and Others. The standard layout of letters, numbers,
and punctuation is known as a QWERTY keyboard because the first six typing
keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY.
1.Mouse
• A computer mouse is a pointing device (hand control) that detects two-
dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated
into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of
the graphical user interface.
• The types of mice are:
• WIRELESS MOUSE
• GSTICK MOUSE
• OPTICAL MOUSE
• A TRACKBALL MOUSE
• MECHANICAL MOUSE OR BALL MOUSE
• GAMING MOUSE
2. Printers
• A Printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent
human-readable representation of graphics or text on
paper or similar physical media
• Types of Printers:
• Ink-jet printers.
• Laser printers.
• Dot-Matrix Printers
• Plotter
Inkjet Printers
• A printer in which the characters are formed by
minute jets of ink.
• Cartridges full of ink in 4 different colours (black, cyan,
magenta, yellow) are used to ‘squirt’ ink onto the
paper to form required printout.
Laser Printers
• a printer linked to a computer producing good-quality
printed material by using a laser to form a pattern of
electrostatically charged dots on a light-sensitive
drum, which attract toner (or dry ink powder). The
toner is transferred to a piece of paper and fixed by a
heating process.
Dot Matrix Printers
• Dot matrix printers uses a print head that moves back-and-
forth, or in an up-and-down motion.
• Before laser and inkjet printers, dot-matrix printers were
commonplace.
• They are a type of impact printer which means that the
printout is achieved by hitting the paper and operation is
very noisy.
• This is done by a set of pins being driven onto a ribbon
which then transfers its ink to the paper.
Plotter
• The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector
graphics.
• In the past, plotters were used in applications such as
computer-aided design, though they have generally
been replaced with wide-format conventional
printers.
• A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It draws
pictures on a paper using a pen.
3. Speakers
• A computer speaker is a hardware device that
connects to a computer to generate sound.
• The signal used to produce the sound that comes
from a computer speaker is created by the computer's
sound card.
4.Camera
• A device for recording visual images in the form of
photographs, film, or video signals.
• A camera may work with the light of the visible
spectrum or with other portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum
5. Web-Camera
• A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its
image in real time to or through a computer to a
computer network.
• When "captured" by the computer, the video stream
may be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks
via systems such as the internet, and emailed as an
attachment.
Scanner
• A scanner is a device that captures images from
photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and
similar sources for computer editing and display.
• Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning
for high-resolution printing, but lower resolution
scanners are adequate for capturing images for
computer display.
OCR
• Optical character recognition (also optical character reader, OCR) is the
mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typed, handwritten or
printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned
document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo or from subtitle text
superimposed on an image.
• It is a common method of digitising printed texts so that they can be
electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line,
and used in machine processes such as cognitive computing, machine
translation, (extracted) text-to-speech, key data and text mining.
• OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and
computer vision.
 OMR

• Many traditional OMR devices work with a dedicated scanner device that
shines a beam of light onto the form paper.
• The contrasting reflectivity at predetermined positions on a page is then
used to detect these marked areas because they reflect less light than the
blank areas of the paper.
• Some OMR devices use forms which are preprinted onto 'transoptic'
paper and measure the amount of light which passes through the paper,
thus a mark on either side of the paper will reduce the amount of light
passing through the paper.
• The OMR software then works with a common desktop image scanner
with a document feeder to process the forms once filled out.
 MICR

• Magnetic ink character recognition code (MICR Code) is a character-

recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to ease
the processing and clearance of cheques and other documents.
• The MICR encoding, called the MICR line, is at the bottom of cheques
and other vouchers and typically includes the document-type indicator,
bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount,
and a control indicator.
• The technology allows MICR readers to scan and read the information
directly into a data-collection device.
• Unlike barcodes and similar technologies, MICR characters can be read
easily by humans
 BARCODE READER

• A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device that

can read and output printed barcodes to a computer.
• Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light
sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.
• Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry
analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and
sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.
 PENDRIVE

• The definition of a pen drive is small storage device shaped like a pen with built-in data storage
that connects to a computer by a USB port.
• A small electronic device used to store digital data, more portable and robust than a hard drive
• The types are: Security Flash Drive, Music Flash Drive, The Boot Flash Drive etc.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• Reliable than make
external storage devices • Easy to lose
• Cost effective • Corruption of data
• Portable • Expensive
PORTABLE HARD-DISK
• An external hard drive is a portable storage device
that can be attached to a computer through a USB or
FireWire connection, or wirelessly.
• External hard drives typically have high storage
capacities and are often used to back up computers or
serve as a network drive.
• There are four basic ways to connect your hard drive
to your computer: USB, FireWire, SATA and eSATA.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• Lowest cost per GB
• ease of use (connect
disconnect) • External Hard Drives Can
• Portability Break Easily
• Overheating
• Theft
BLUE RAY DISK DRIVE
• Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data
storage format.
• It is the same size shape as a compact disc (CD) and
digital versatile disc (DVD).
• The Blu-ray disc was introduced because it can store
HD video and therefore a whole film can stored on the
Blu-ray disc.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
• Magnetic Tape Drive
• Optical Storage device
• Hard Disk Drive
• Solid State Drive
 MAGNETIC TAPE DRIVE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Can store large amounts of data upto 1 terabyte. • Special equipment must be purchased and set up for
recording and storing data. The data can only be read
on the special equipment.
• Data collection can go on without interruption
overnight or for an entire weekend.
• If the data is stored near a strong magnetic field or a
large speaker, the tape can be damaged.
• Magnetic tape can be recorded over and reused
repeatedly.
• Magnetic tape has a lifespan of 15 years. Data quality
gradually erodes over time.
• Large amounts of information is stored.

• It is necessary to keep older tape equipment just to

• Magnetic tape is inexpensive and budget friendly. be able to read the stored data.
 USES
• Also known as TAPE DRIVE.
• Magnetic tape data storage is a
system for storing digital
information on magnetic tape
using digital recording. Modern
magnetic tape is most commonly
packaged in cartridges and
cassettes.
• The device that performs writing
or reading of data is a tape drive.
 OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Durability. With proper care, optical • Reusable. The write-once read-many
media can last a long time. (WORM) characteristic of some optical
• Great for archiving. Because data is media makes it excellent for archiving,
preserved permanently with no but it also prevents you from being able
possibility of being overwritten. to use that media again.
• Transportability. Optical media are • Writing time. The server uses software
widely used on other platforms, compression to write compressed data
including the PC. to your optical media. This process
• Random access. Optical media provide takes considerable processing unit
the capability to pinpoint a particular resources and may increase the time
piece of data stored on it. needed to write and restore that data.
 USES
• Examples of this media are
compact disk read-only memory
(CD-ROM), digital versatile disk
read-only memory (DVD-ROM),
digital versatile disk random
access memory (DVD-RAM),
write-once read-many (WORM)
cartridges, erasable optical
cartridges, and Removable
Mass Storage (RMS) media
which are removable disk (RDX).
 HARD DISK DRIVE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• More affordable than SSD. • HDD is slower than SSD.
• Higher storage capacity than • Higher power consumption.
SSD. • Produces noise while in
• HDD is easier to buy in most operation.
stores. • Not durable compared to SDD.
• Longer lifespan than SSD.
 USES
• A hard disk drive (HDD),
hard disk, hard drive or fixed
disk is a data storage device
that uses magnetic storage
to store and retrieve digital
information using one or
more rigid rapidly rotating
disks (platters) coated with
magnetic material.
 SOLID STATE DRIVE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Faster than hard disk drives. • More expensive than hard disk
• Low power consumption. drives.
• Durable than hard disk drives. • Limited storage capacity.
• No noise while in operation. • Poor availability.
• Compact than hard disk drives. • Shorter lifespan than hard disk
drives.
 USES
• The SSD drive has no moving
parts. It uses flash memory to
store data, which provides
better performance and
reliability over an HDD. The
HDD has moving parts and
magnetic platters, meaning the
more use they get, the faster
they wear down and fail.