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PP - Unit 10 Notes_Periodic Table

The document outlines the history and development of the periodic table, highlighting key figures such as Lavoisier, Döbereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, and Moseley. It explains the organization of elements into groups and periods, as well as periodic properties and trends such as electronegativity, atomic radius, ionization energy, and metallic character. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of various groups of elements, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and noble gases.

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Devesh Srinivas
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6 views

PP - Unit 10 Notes_Periodic Table

The document outlines the history and development of the periodic table, highlighting key figures such as Lavoisier, Döbereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, and Moseley. It explains the organization of elements into groups and periods, as well as periodic properties and trends such as electronegativity, atomic radius, ionization energy, and metallic character. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of various groups of elements, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and noble gases.

Uploaded by

Devesh Srinivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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X Unit 10:

The Periodic Table


History of the Periodic Table
Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)
– Published Elements of Chemistry in
1789
• Included a list of “simple
substances” (which we now know
to be elements)
• Formed the basis for the modern
list of elements
– Only classified substances as
metals or nonmetals
History of the Periodic Table
Johann Döbereiner (1780 – 1849)
– Classified elements into “triads”
• Groups of three elements with related
properties and weights
• Began in 1817 when he realized Sr was
halfway between the weights of Ca and
Ba and they all possessed similar traits

– Döbereiner’s triads:
• Cl, Br, I  S, Se, Te
• Ca, Sr, Ba  Li, Na, K
History of the Periodic Table

John Newlands (1837 – 1898)


– Law of Octaves (1863)
• Stated that elements repeated their
chemical properties every eighth element
• Similar to the idea of octaves in music
History of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)
– Russian chemist (“The father of the periodic
table”)

– Arranged elements based on accepted


atomic masses and properties that he
observed

– Listed elements with similar


characteristics in the same
family/group
• Left blank spots for predicted
elements (Ted-Ed Video)
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)
Property Mendeleev’s Observed
Prediction for Properties of
“eka-silicon” in Germanium
1871 (discovered in
1886)
Atomic 72 72.59
Weight
Density 5.5 5.35
(g/cm3)
Melting Point High 947
(°C)
Color Dark gray Grayish white
Formula of XO GeO
History of the Periodic Table
Henry Moseley (1887 – 1915)
– English physicist
– Arranged elements based on increasing
atomic number
• Remember: atomic number = # of p+ in
nucleus

– Periodic table looked similar to


Mendeleev’s design since as
atomic number increases, so
does the atomic mass
Periodic Law
• Periodic – occurring at regular
intervals
– Relates to trends on the periodic table
of elements

• Modern Periodic Law


– When elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, there is a
periodic repetition of their properties
• Just like Mendeleev suspected!!
Reading the Periodic Table
•Periods - “Horizontal Rows”
•Groups (or Families) - “Vertical Columns”
Reading the Periodic Table
• Valence electrons are periodic!
• Notice the similarities
– Ex.) Write the noble gas configurations
for:
•F [He]2s22p5 7 valence electrons
•Cl [Ne]3s23p5 7 valence electrons
•Br [Ar]4s23d104p5 7 valence electrons
•I [Kr]5s24d105p5 7 valence electrons
– GROUPS have similar valence electron
configurations!
Groups of Elements
• Group 1 = Alkali Metals
– Located in Group 1 (except Hydrogen)
– Extremely reactive
• Want to lose 1 e- to become “noble gas-like”

• Group 2 = Alkaline Earth Metals


– Also very reactive
– Both Group 1 & 2 occur naturally as
compounds not elements
Groups of Elements
• Group 17 = Halogens
– Very active nonmetals
• Want to gain 1 e- to become like a
noble gas
Groups of Elements
• Group 18 = Noble Gases
– Sometimes called “inert gases” since
they generally don’t react
• Mainly true, but not always (Kr, Xe will
react sometimes)
• Have a full valence shell (8 e-)

Mythbusters Noble Gas Demo


Groups of Elements
• Transition Metals
– Located in the center of the Periodic Table
– 10 elements wide (“d” orbitals)
– Semi-reactive, valuable, crucial to many
life processes

• Lanthanides and Actinides


– Located at the bottom of the Periodic Table
– 14 elements wide (“f” orbitals)
– Some are radioactive, though not all
– Lanthanides = Period 6 (4f)
– Actinides = Period 7 (5f)
Alkali Metals =
Alkaline Earth Metals =
Transition metals =

Metalloids = Lanthanides =
Halogens = Actinides =
Noble Gases =
Periodic Properties & Trends
• Electronegativity
– Ability of an atom to pull e- towards itself
– Increases going up and to the right
• Across a period  more protons in nucleus
= more positive charge to pull electrons closer
• Down a group  more electrons to hold onto
= element can’t pull e- as closely
Periodic Properties & Trends
• Atomic Radius
– Distance between the nucleus and the
furthest electron in the valence shell

– Increases going down and to the left


• Down a group  more e- = larger radius
• Across a period  elements on the right
can pull e- closer to the nucleus (more
electronegative) = smaller radius

• *Remember*
– LLLL  Lower, Left, Large, Loose
Periodic Properties & Trends
• Ionization Energy
– Energy required to remove an e- from the
ground state
– 1st I.E. = removing 1 e-, easiest
– 2nd I.E. = removing 2 e-, more difficult
– 3rd I.E. = removing 3 e-, even more difficult

• Ex.) B --> B+ + e- I.E. = 801 kJ/mol


• Ex.) B+ --> B+2 + e- I.E.2 = 2427 kJ/mol
• Ex.) B+2 --> B+3 + e- I.E.3 = 3660 kJ/mol
Periodic Properties & Trends
Ionization Energy
• Increases going up and to the right
– Down a group  more e- for the
nucleus to keep track of = easier to rip
an e- off
– Across a period  elements on the
right can hold electrons closer (more
electronegative) = harder to rip an e- off
Periodic Properties & Trends
• Metallic Character
– How “metal-like” an element is
• Metals lose e-
– Most Metallic: Cs, Fr
– Least: F, O

– Increases going down and to the left

Think about where the metals & nonmetals


are located on the periodic table to help you
remember!
Periodic Properties & Trends
• Ionic Radius
– Radius of an atom when e- are lost or
gained different from atomic radius

– Ionic Radius of Cations


• Decreases when e- are removed
– Ionic Radius of Anions
• Increases when e- are added
Sizes
Sizes of
of Ions
Ions
+
Li,152 pm Li+, 78 pm
3e and 3p 2e and 3 p

• CATIONS are SMALLER than the


atoms from which they are formed.

• Size decreases due to increasing


he electron/proton attraction.
Sizes
Sizes of
of Ions
Ions
-
F, 71 pm F-, 133 pm
9e and 9p 10 e and 9 p

• ANIONS are LARGER than the


atoms from which they are
formed.

• Size increases due to more


electrons in shell.
Overall Periodic Trends

Property Group Trend Period Trend

Increases going Increases to the


Atomic Radius down left

Increases going Increases to the


Ionization Energy up right

Increases going Increases to the


Electronegativity up right

Increases going Increases to the


Metallic Character down left
Practice:
Rank the elements from lowest to highest…
Electronegativity - C, F, Mg

Atomic Radius - Ir, Re, Bi

Metallic Character - Rb, Mn, P

Ionization Energy - B, Ga, In


Summary of Periodic
Trends

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