Welcome to 2024-25 Psychology classes

Conduct of class:
Timetable -9 periods in a week
Textbook- Ncert Textbook Edition 2024
Notebook
Practical record
Practical-marks-30, 5 tests, 1 case profile
Theory- marks-70
Syllabus- Chapter 1-7 (As per directions 24-
25)
Lecture notes
Student's checklist
Chapter 1
 Chapter 1
Variations in Psychological
Attributes
▪ People differ.

▪ They differ in various ways from each other.

▪ This unit helps us understand the different ways in

which people differ and how can we measure
some differences.
 Individual Differences
Individual differences refer to
uniqueness and variations among
people’s characteristics and behavior
patterns.
 Why do we behave in different ways?
1. Personal traits (characteristics and behavior patterns)
(Trait pronounced as “Tray” – Last T is silent)
2. Situational influences

“Situationist perspective views human behavior as resulting from

interaction of external and internal factors.”
Therefore there are 2 perspectives to explain behavior:
Individual traits AND situational influences
Assessment:
For e.g. height
How can we measure height?
 Psychological Assessment:
Assessment refers to the measurement of
psychological attributes of individuals and their
evaluation, often using multiple methods in terms of
certain standards of comparison.
Assessment could be formal or informal
Formal assessment is
▪ Objective-Not influenced by personal feelings/opinions
▪ Standardized-To follow a standard
▪ Organized-Follow a systematic pattern
Psychological assessment is not like measuring the length
of a line.
It is more like measuring the various dimensions of a box.
Some Domains of Psychological Attributes:
Intelligenc
e

Aptitude
Values

Personality Interest
Intelligence:

Is the global capacity to understand

the world, think rationally and use
available resources effectively when
faced with challenges.
Aptitude
Is the individual’s underlying
capacity for acquiring skills after
providing training.
Interest
An individual preference for engaging in one or more
specific activities relative to others.
Personality
Are the relatively enduring characteristics
of a person that make him or her distinct
from others.
Values
These are the enduring beliefs about an ideal
mode of behavior.
Political

Social Values Religious

Economic
Practice Questions:
1.Define Individual Differences.
2.What is situationism?
3.Define assessment.
4.Give the types of assessments and the qualities
of formal assessment.
5.List some domains of psychological attributes.
How to assess or measure these differences?

• Psychological tests
• Interview
• Case study
• Observation
• Self report
Psychological test- Objective Interview-
and standardised measure of An interview involves seeking
an individual’s mental or information from a person on
behavioral characteristics. a one-to-one basis.
Observation-
Observation involves employing systematic,
organized and objective procedures to record
behavioral phenomena occurring naturally in
real time.
Case study- Self-report-
Case study is an in depth study of the This is a method in which a person
individual in terms of his psychological provides factual information about
attributes, psychological history in himself/herself and /or opinions,
psychosocial/physical environment. beliefs that s/he holds.
 Intelligence
Oxford Dictionary: power of perceiving, learning,
understanding and knowing.

Alfred Binet: ability to judge well, understand well and

reason well.

David Wechsler: global and aggregate capacity of an

individual to think rationally, act purposefully and deal
effectively with his/her environment.
What is a theory?
★an idea to describe/explain/predict
★can be proved right or wrong
★need not be always right
★e.g. earth is flat
 Theories of Intelligence

1. Psychometric or Structural approach

2. Information Processing approach
The psychometric approach:
Measures intelligence as a score or standardised test. It
focuses on the ability of a person.
For e.g. numbers of correct answers on
math/verbal/visuospatial questions.

The information processing approach:

Describes the process in which people conceptualise,
reason and solve problems. This focuses on the process
used by the person.
Theories of Intelligence:

1. Uni Factor/One Factor Theory (Alfred Binet)

2. Two Factor Theory (Charles Spearman)
3. Theory of Primary Mental Abilities (Louis Thurstone)
4. Hierarchical Model of Intelligence (Arthur Jensen)
5. Structure of Intellect Model (J.P. Guilford)
6. Theory of Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner)
7. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Robert Sternberg)
8. Planning, Attention-arousal and Simultaneous-
Successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence (J.P. Das, Jack
Naglieri and Kirby)
 1. Uni factor Theory (ALFRED BINET):
Reduces all factors to General Intelligence
2. Two Factor theory (CHARLES SPEARMAN):
G- General

Intelligence
s-Specific

3. Theory of Primary Mental Abilities (LOUIS THURSTONE):

4. Hierarchical Model of Intelligence (ARTHUR JENSEN):

Level 1 : Associative Learning

Output=Input
(Learning by heart and memorizing tables)

Level 2: Cognitive Competence Input + Higher

Order Skills =Output
 5. Structure of Intellect Model (J.P. GUILFORD):
Operations, Contents and Products

Recording
C O
P
Retention

6 x 5 x 6 180
=
6. Theory of Multiple Intelligences
(HOWARD GARDNER):

Naturalistic Linguistic

Logical/
Intrapersonal
Mathematical
Interpersonal Spatial
Bodily- Musical
Kinesthetic
7. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (ROBERT STERNBERG):
Information processing theory

To be able to shape and select environment

keeping in mind one’s goals and the goals of
the society and culture
 THE
TRIARCHIC
THEORY
COMPONENTIA CONTEXTUAL
L SUBTHEORY EXPERIENTIAL SUBTHEORY
SUBTHEORY
Analytical Practical
Creative

1. Knowledge Acquisition
Components
C
(Learning new ways)
2. Metacomponents
E
(Planning what and how)
C
3. Performance Components
(Doing)
8. Planning, Attention-arousal and Simultaneous-Successive
(PASS) Model (J.P. DAS, JACK NAGLIERI AND KIRBY):
Arousal/
Attention

Intellectual
Activity
Simultaneous
Planning and Successive
Processing
Battery of tests created by Das and Naglieri –
Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)
*For 5-18 years* Can be used with children with learning problems
Practice Questions:

1.WHAT IS ASSESSMENT?
2.WHAT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST?
3.HOW IS CASE STUDY DONE?
4. WHAT IS NATURALISTIC INTELLIGENCE?
5.BRIEFLY EXPLAIN JENSEN’S THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE.
 Let us discuss:
Why do people have different intelligences?
So, it could be either Nature or Nurture
Nature Nurture
❑ Twins reared together ❑ Stimulating environment
correlate 0.90 ❑ Nutrition
❑ Twins reared separate in ❑ Economic status
different environments identical-
0.72 ; fraternal- 0.60
❑ Brothers and sisters reared
together 0.50
❑ Brothers and sisters reared apart
0.25
How do you know whether you are underweight or
overweight?
Assessment of Intelligence

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon- Concept of MA

(Mental Age) and CA (Chronological age)
• William Stern Devised the concept of
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
• IQ= MA/CA x 100
 1. Calculate the IQ of a 10 year old girl with mental age 12.
MA/CA x 100 12/10 x 100
=120

2. Calculate the IQ of a 14 year old boy with mental age 16. MA/CA x
100
16/14 x 100
=114

• Normal Curve
• Very few people have very high or very low IQ
Types of Intelligence tests
1. Individual Test: Done for one person at a time
2. Group Test: Done on several people at the
same time.
3. Verbal Test: Subjects to give verbal response
(only for literate people)
4. Non verbal Test: Use Pictures and diagrams
5. Performance Test: Subject should do something
(Puzzles or draw)
6. Culture Biased/Fair Test: Importance/ no
importance to culture
Answer the following questions.
1.What are the misuses of Intelligence
testing?
2.Differentiate between verbal, non verbal
and performance testing.
3.What is the normal IQ range?
4.Kanishk is a 14 year old boy with an IQ of
100. Find his mental age.
 Culture and Intelligence
What is culture?
Culture is the collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes and
achievements in art and literature.

⮚ Our culture determines our intelligence (Contextual/Practical

Intelligence- Sternberg)

⮚ Higher mental functions such as problem solving and thinking are

largely culture produced (Vygotsky)

⮚ Western intelligence tests focus on Technological Intelligence.

Where as, in Asian and African societies the focus is on social,
collectivism and self-reflection- Integral Intelligence.
Technological Intelligence
-Attention
-Observation
-Analysis
-Speed
-Perception
-Achievement
Intelligence in the Indian Tradition

Feelings
Mental
Determined Effort
Actions

Buddhi
Knowledge
Opinion
s
Understanding
 Intelligence in the Indian context:

Cognitive
Capacity
Social
▪ Understanding Competence
▪ Problem Solving Emotional
▪ Social Order
▪ Effective
▪ Concern to
Competence
Communication
the needy ▪ Self regulation Entrepreneurial
▪ Recognisin of emotions Competence
g others ▪ Honesty
Perspective ▪ Politeness ▪ Commitment
▪ Self-evaluation ▪ Persistence
▪ Patience
▪ Goal directed
behavior
Emotional Intelligence (expressed by EQ- Emotional
Quotient):
Is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression
and regulation of emotions.
Salovey and Mayer define emotional intelligence to be
the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions,
to discriminate among them and to use the information
to guide one’s thinking and actions.

⮚ Please read box 1.2 for the characteristics of an

Emotionally intelligent person
Aptitude:
It is a combination of characteristic that indicates an individual’s
capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training

Interest:
Is the preference for a particular activity.

⮚ So, both high Aptitude and strong Interest are important for a
successful career

Reading Activity: Read page 17 and 18 –Special

Abilities.
Writing Activity: Give examples of aptitude tests
 Independe Clerical,
nt Mechanical,
(Specialise Numerical,
d) Typing, etc.
Aptitude tests are Differential
Aptitude test
available in two
(DAT), General
forms Aptitude Tests
Battery (GATB),
Multiple Armed Services
(Generalis Vocational
ed) Aptitude Battery
(ASVAB)
Creativity?
What is Creativity?
Let us discuss
 Creativity:

1. Refuse to pick a pebble from the bag.

2. Take both pebbles out of the bag and expose the loan-
shark for cheating.
3. Pick a pebble from the bag fully well knowing it was
black and sacrifice herself for her father’s freedom.
 Are Creativity and Intelligence related?

Ability to see things in a

novel manner, create Ability to acquire
new ideas and concepts knowledge and utilize
and thus, make it accordingly
innovative creation.

Primarily used with Used with wider

concepts of scope along with
Imagination, aspects of creativity,
talents and knowledge, logic,
innovativeness. rational thinking, etc.
 1. Rohit wants to be a farmer. What are the four intelligence he should process according to Howard Gardner’s theory? 6
marks
● Multiple intelligences
● Enumerate these
- Naturalistic
- Bodily kinesthetic
- Spatial
- Logical mathematical
● explanations for each and Why (Link to case)
2. Sumita has not attended School. But she has a successful stationery shop she has been running since 16 years. Which
subtheory of Sternberg is applicable here? Contextual.
3. IQ of 12 year old child is 110. Find the Mental age. 13.2 years.
4. Vaiga wants to be a teacher. Is emotional intelligence required for this profession?
Definition, Emotional intelligence for teacher and whether Vaiga requires it.
5. Which 2 abilities should Manas have to be a good driver according to the theory of Primary Mental Abilities? 3 marks
Louis Thurstone. Perceptual speed and spatial relations.
6. ‘Intelligence is the interplay of nature and nurture’. Substantiate this statement with the help of studies conducted on twins
and adopted children.
7. Reenu is a sensitive girl and has been reacting with extreme anger. This has been a problem in her day to day life. What is
Reenu lacking? What are the characteristics of a person who is skilled in this?