Chapter 1

Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Chapter Contents:
This chapter is basically focuses on the following five
major concepts, namely:
1. Evolution of technology,
• Definition of evolution and technology
2. The role of data for emerging technology,
3. Enabling devices and networks for
technologies (programmable devices),
4. Human to machine interaction (HCI) and
5. Future trends of technologies
 1. Evolution of Technologies

• A term emerging technology is used to

describe a new technology.
• It also refers to the continuing
development of existing technology.
• The term commonly refers to technologies
that are currently developing, or that are
expected to be available within the next
five to ten years.
 Technology and Evolution
The word Technology derived from Greek
tekhnologia and has the following definitions:
 "discourse or treatise on an art or the arts,"
 "systematic treatment of an art, craft, or
technique,"
• Techno + logy “science of the mechanical
and industrial arts" is first recorded in 1859.
• Evolution: is the process of developing by
gradual changes.
 List of some currently available emerged technologies

 Artificial Intelligence
 Block chain
 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
 Cloud Computing
 Angular and React
 DevOps (Development and operations)
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
 Big Data
 Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)
 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)

The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and

innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
 Occurs when a society shifts from using tools to make products to
use new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in
factories.
 Firstly, started in England, with a series of innovations to make
labor more efficient and productive.
 It was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small
shops and homes to large factories.
 Secondly, Industrial Revolution, was started in America in between
1820 and 1870.
 The impact of changing the way items was manufactured had a
wide reach. Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass
making, and agriculture all had undergone changes.
Con’t,…

Generally, the following industrial revolutions fundamentally

changed and transferred the world around us into modern society.
– The steam engine,
– The age of science and mass production, and
– The rise of digital technology
– Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and
machine learning.
 The following 3 are the Most Important Inventions of the
Industrial Revolution:
• Transportation: The Steam Engine, the Railroad, the Diesel
Engine, the Airplane.
• Communication: Telegraph, Transatlantic Cable, Phonograph,
Telephone.
• Industry: Cotton Gin, Sewing Machine, Electric Lights.
 Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)

• The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1770s

before spreading to the rest of Europe.
• The first European countries to be industrialized after England were
Belgium, France, and the German states.
• The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the effects created
by the Agricultural Revolution.
• The four types of industries are:
1. The primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g.
mining, farming, and fishing.
2. The secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g.
making cars and steel.
3. Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and
nursing.
4. The quaternary industry involves research and
development industries e.g. IT.
 Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)

• Described as a transition to new manufacturing processes.

• IR was first coined in the 1760s, during the time where this
revolution began.
The transitions in the first IR included:
 going from hand production methods to machines,
 increasing use of steam power (see Figure 1.1),
 the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.
 Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)

 The Second IR, also known as the technological revolution, began

in the 1870s.
 IR 2.0 included the development of methods for manufacturing
interchangeable parts and widespread adoption of pre-existing
technological systems such as:
 telegraph and railroad networks.
This adoption allowed the vast movement of people and ideas,
enhancing communication. Moreover, new technological systems
were introduced, such as electrical power (see Figure 1.2) and
telephones.
 Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)

IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and analog

electronic technology to digital electronics (see Figure 1.3) which
began from the late 1950s.
• IR 3.0 also known as “Digital Revolution”.
• The core factor of this revolution is the mass production and
widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived technologies
such as the computer, handphones and the Internet.
 Enabled people to communicate with another without the need of being
physically present.
 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)

• Advancements in various technologies such as:

– robotics,
– Internet of Things (IoT see Figure 1.4),
– additive manufacturing and
– autonomous vehicles,
• cyber- physical systems.
• A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is controlled or monitored by
computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet and its users.
• IR4.0 widely practiced in industries today is the usage of Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) machines.
– These machines are operated by giving it instructions using a
computer.
• The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI), where we can see it being
implemented into our smartphones
• AI is also one of the main elements that give life to Autonomous Vehicles and
Automated Robots.
Figure 1. 4 Anybody Connected device (ABCD)
 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies

• Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset

• determines the future of science, technology, the
economy, and possibly everything in our world today and
tomorrow.
• presents enormous challenges that in turn bring
incredible innovation and economic opportunities.
• Help reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just
by data itself but all other aspects that could be created,
transformed, and/or adjusted by understanding,
exploring, and utilizing data.
• This involves not only core disciplines such as
computing, informatics, and statistics, but also the broad-
based fields of business, social science, and
health/medical science.
 Enabling devices and network (Programmable devices)

• In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four basic kinds of
devices:
1. memory,
 stores random information such as the contents of a spreadsheet or
database.
2. microprocessors,
 execute software instructions to perform a wide variety of tasks such
as running a word processing program or video game.
3. logic,
 provide specific functions, including device-to-device interfacing,
data communication, signal processing, data display, timing and
control operations, and almost every other function a system must
perform.
4. networks
 The network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes,
network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one
another to allow the sharing of data.
 Programmable devices
• Programmable devices usually refer to chips that
incorporate:
– field programmable logic devices (FPGAs),
– complex programmable logic devices (CPLD) and
– programmable logic devices (PLD).
• There are also devices that are the analog equivalent of
these called field- programmable analog arrays.
Con’t,…
Why is a computer referred to as a programmable device?
• Answer: Because, it follows a set of instructions.
List of some Programmable devices
 Achronix Speedster SPD60
 Actel’s
 Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX
 Atmel’s AT91CAP7L
 Cypress Semiconductor’s programmable system-on-chip (PSoC)
family
 Lattice Semiconductor’s ECP3
 Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002
 Silicon Blue Technologies
 Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6
 Xmos Semiconductor L series

•
 Network-related Equipment
 A full range of network-related equipment referred to as
Service Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:
 Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data
service unit (DSU)
 Modems
 Routers
 Switches
 Conferencing equipment
 Network appliances (network intrusion detection
system (NIDs) and signature-based intrusion
detection system (SIDs)
 Hosting equipment and servers
 Human to Machine Interaction

Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the communication and interaction

between a human and a machine via a user interface.
What is interaction in human-computer interaction?
 HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with
computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful
interaction with human beings.
 HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and the ways they
work together.
• How do users interact with computers?
• The user interacts directly with hardware for the human input and output such as
displays, e.g. through a graphical user interface. The user interacts with the
computer over this software interface using the given input and output (I/O)
hardware.
• How important is human-computer interaction?
• The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and
computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive to the user's
needs.
• The main advantages of HCI are simplicity, ease of deployment & operations
and cost savings for smaller set-ups. They also reduce solution design time and
integration complexity.
 Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

– Cognitive psychology: Limitations, information

processing, performance prediction, cooperative
working, and capabilities.
– Computer science: Including graphics, technology,
prototyping tools, and user interface management
systems.
– Linguistics.
– Engineering and design.
– Artificial intelligence.
– Human factors.
 Yo u !
n k
Tha