Sir Syed University of Engineering &

Technology, Karachi

CS-128 Digital Logic Design(3+0)

2nd Semester Computer Science

Batch – 2024F Department of Computer Science & Information

Technology
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
 Introduction to Analog & Digital Systems
• Analog devices and systems process time-varying signals that
can take on any value across a continuous range.

Analog Signal

• Digital systems use digital circuits that process digital signals

which can take on one of two values, we call:
0 and 1 (digits of the binary number system)
High

or LOW and HIGH Low

or FALSE and TRUE Digital
Signal

• Digital computers represent the most common digital systems.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 2

 Introduction to Analog & Digital Systems

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 3

 Analog & Digital Quantities

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(° F)

100

95
90

85

80
75

70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 4

 Analog and Digital System’s Example
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to
take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 5

 Advantages of Digital Systems Over Analog Systems

1.Accuracy of results
2.More reliable than analog systems due to better immunity to
noise.
3.Ease of design: No special math skills needed to visualize the
behavior of small digital (logic) circuits.
4.Flexibility and functionality.
5.Programmability.
6.Speed: A digital logic element can produce an output in less than
10 nanoseconds (10-8 seconds).
7.Economy: Due to the integration of millions of digital logic
elements on a single miniature chip forming low cost integrated
circuit (ICs).

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 6

 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called
HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the
binary system.

VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 7

 Binary Digits - the BITs

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 8

 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 9

 Pulse Definitions

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 10

 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 11

 Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (tW)
(A)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 12

 Calculating Duty Cycle

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 13

 Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between
two or more digital waveforms,

Clock

C
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 14
 Data and Data Transfer

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 15

 Example

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 16

 Solution

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 17

 Digital (logic) Elements: Gates
• Digital devices or gates have one or more inputs and produce
an output that is a function of the current input value(s).
• All inputs and outputs are binary and can only take the
values 0 or 1
• A gate is called a combinational circuit because the output
only depends on the current input combination.
• Digital circuits are created by using a number of connected
gates such as the output of a gate is connected to to the input
of one or more gates in such a way to achieve specific outputs
for input values.
• Digital or logic design is concerned with the design of such
circuits.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 18

 Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 19

 Logic Gates: The AND Gate

• The AND Gate

A B A.B
A
B A.B 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Vcc

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Truth table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ground

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS08 Quad 2-input AND Gate IC Package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 20

 Logic Gates: The OR Gate
• The OR Gate
A B A+B
A
A+B 0 0 0
B
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth table

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS08 Quad 2-input OR Gate IC Package
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 21
 Logic Gates: The NAND Gate
• The NAND Gate
A
A  (A.B)'
(A.B)' B
B
• NAND gate is self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it).
• Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT.
• Implementing an inverter using NAND gate:

x x'

A B (A.B)'
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table

Floyd,Top View
Digital of a TTL
Fundamentals, 10th74LS
ed family 74LS00 Quad 2-input NAND Gate IC Package 22
 Logic Gates: The NOR Gate
• The NOR Gate
A A
B
(A+B)'  (A+B)'
B

• NOR gate is also self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it).
• Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT.
• Implementing an inverter using NOR gate:

x x'
A B (A+B)'
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Truth table

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS02 Quad 2-input NOR Gate IC Package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 23

 Logic Gates: The XOR Gate
• The XOR Gate
A B AB
A 0 0 0
AB
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table
Vcc
14 13 12 11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ground

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS86 Quad 2-input XOR Gate IC Package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 24

 Integrated Circuits

• An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated fabricated on a

single silicon chip.
• ICs can be classified according to how many gates they contain as
follows:
• Small-Scale Integration (SSI):
• Medium-Scale Integration (MSI):
• Large-Scale Integration (LSI):
• Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI):
• Ultra Large-scale Integration(ULSI)
• Wafer-Scale Integration(WSI)
• System-On-a-Chip(SOC)
• Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit(3D-IC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 25

 Number Systems Representation

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 26

 Number Systems Conversion

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 27

 Decimal Numbers

The position of each digit in a weighted number system is

assigned a weight based on the base or radix of the system.
The radix of decimal numbers is ten, because only ten
symbols (0 through 9) are used to represent any number.
The column weights of decimal numbers are powers
of ten that increase from right to left beginning with 100 =1:
…105 104 103 102 101 100.
For fractional decimal numbers, the column weights
are negative powers of ten that decrease from left to right:
102 101 100. 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 …

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 28

 Decimal Numbers

Decimal numbers can be expressed as the sum of the

products of each digit times the column value for that digit.
Thus, the number 9240 can be expressed as
(9 x 103) + (2 x 102) + (4 x 101) + (0 x 100)
or
9 x 1,000 + 2 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 0 x 1
Express the number 480.52 as the sum of values of each
digit.

480.52 = (4 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (0 x 100) + (5 x 10-1) +(2 x 10-2)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 29

 Binary Numbers
For digital systems, the binary number system is used.
Binary has a radix of two and uses the digits 0 and 1 to
represent quantities.
The column weights of binary numbers are powers of
two that increase from right to left beginning with 20 =1:
…25 24 23 22 21 20.
For fractional binary numbers, the column weights
are negative powers of two that decrease from left to right:
22 21 20. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 …

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 30

 Binary to Decimal Conversions
The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be
determined by adding the column values of all of the bits
that are 1 and discarding all of the bits that are 0.
Convert the binary number 100101.01 to decimal.
Start by writing the column weights; then add the
weights that correspond to each 1 in the number.
25 24 23 22 21 20. 2-1 2-2
32 16 8 4 2 1 . ½ ¼
1 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1
32 +4 +1 +¼ = 37¼

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 31

 Binary Conversions
You can convert a decimal whole number to binary by
reversing the procedure. Write the decimal weight of each
column and place 1’s in the columns that sum to the decimal
number.
Convert the decimal number 49 to binary.
The column weights double in each position to the
right. Write down column weights until the last
number is larger than the one you want to convert.
26 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 21 2 0.
64 32 16 8 4 2 1.
0 1 1 0 0 0 1.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 32