DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(DIT)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CEU 07614: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

HEMA, D.E
Pre-requisite module: None

Module credits: 6

Method of Assessment (CA 40% , SE 60%)

 2 Assignments

 Quizzes

 2 Written Tests

 Semester Examination

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o Introduction

oTraffic Characteristics

o Traffic Flow Parameters

o Traffic Engineering Studies

o Highway capacity and level of service analysis

o Intersection Design and Control

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 REFERENCES

Required References:
1) Ministry of Works Tanzania, (2011) Road Geometric Design
Manual. MoW
2) Roger P. Roess, Elena S. Prassas, William R. McShane, (2011)
Traffic
Engineering. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Recommended References:
3) American Association of State, Highway and Transportation
Officials, (2001) A Policy on Geometric Design of Highway and
Streets. 444 North Capitol Street,Washington, D.C, USA.
4) Willium R, Mcshane, Elena S. (2016) Traffic Engineering, 3rd
edition
5) Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, Walter P. Kilareski (2008).
Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis (4th Edition)
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 INTRODUCTION

Importance /Significance of Transportation :

The transportation system exists to move people and
goods, to enable economic activity and to provide for
public needs.

The speed cost and capacity of available transportation have

a significant impact on the economic vitality of an area.

Tapping of natural resources and markets and maintaining a

competitive edge over other regions and nations are closely
linked to the quality of transportation system.

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 INTRODUCTION

Availability of transportation facilities strongly influences the

growth and development of a region or nation. Good
transportation permits the specialization of
industry/commerce, reduces costs for raw materials or
manufactured goods, and increases competition between
regions, resulting in lower costs and greater choice for the
consumer.

Transportation is also a necessary element of government

services such as delivering mail government services such as
delivering mail, defending a nation and retaining control of its
territories
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 INTRODUCTION

 Good transportation in and of itself will not assure

success in the marketplace; however, the absence of
excellent transportation services the absence of excellent
transportation services will contribute to failure. Thus, if a
society wishes to develop and grow, it must have a wishes
to develop and grow, it must have a strong internal
transportation system as well as excellent linkages to the
rest of the world.

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 INTRODUCTION

Transportation Engineering deals with Planning, Design,

Construction, Operations and Maintenance of various
transport modes various transportation modes e.g
Highway, railway, airway, waterways

Highway is a subdivision of Transportation Engineering

specifically for highways/roads-planning, design,
construction, operations and maintenance

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INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION

Traffic Engineering:

Focuses on traffic operations/traffic performance of

roads/highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands,
and relationships with other modes of transportation.

Objectives are Safety, Speed, Comfort, Convenience and

Economy

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 INTRODUCTION

Traffic engineering focuses on the safety of the public,

the efficient use of transportation resources, and the
mobility of people and goods.

Traffic engineer must understand the traffic flow behavior

and characteristics by extensive collection of traffic flow
data and analysis.

 Based on analysis, traffic flow is controlled so that the

transport infrastructure is used optimally as well as with
good service quality

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 INTRODUCTION

Elements of Traffic Engineering

Traffic Performance
Operations Evaluation

Traffic
ITS Engineeri Traffic
ng Control

Transportation
systems
Traffic studies and
management
characteristics
TSM
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 INTRODUCTION

Traffic operations is the analysis of volume and capacity

relationships of transportation facilities

The goal of traffic operations is predicting operational

performance in the form of travel
time,speeds,delay,queues,and various other measures

Transportation operational analysis methods are applied to

estimate the future state of the transportation system

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Performance evaluation is a means by which traffic
engineers can rate the operating characteristics of
individual sections of facilities and facilities as a whole in
relative terms

Performance evaluation measures performance quality

and is often stated in terms of LOS (A - F).

 The capacity of highway facilities is also determined as

part of performance evaluation

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 INTRODUCTION

Traffic control is a central function of traffic engineers and

involves the establishment of traffic regulations and their
communication to the driver through the use of traffic
control devices, such as signs, markings and signals.

 Traffic studies and characteristics involve measuring and

quantifying various aspect of highway traffic eg. Volume
studies, speed and travel time delay studies, OD surveys
etc.

TSM deals with operational improvements that can maintain

and even restore the performance
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Intelligent Transportation Systems refers to the application of
modern telecommunications technology to the operation and
control to enhance safety and efficiency of transportation
systems.

ITS refers to efforts to add Information and Communication

Technology to transport infrastructure and vehicles, in order
to improve safety, reduce vehicle wear, transportation times
and fuel consumption

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 AI and IoT- The future of ITS

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There several ITS User Services e.g Travel and Traffic
Management, Electronic payment, Public Transportation
operations, Commercial Vehicle operations etc.

 Travel and Traffic Management- Includes services like Pre-

trip information, Route Guidance, Traveler Services
Information, Traffic control and En-Route driver information

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 Pre-trip information

Map showing congested Electronic payment

routes TRAFFIC ENGINEERING systems 19
 INTRODUCTION

Different Modes of Transportation:

The following are the major transportation modes.

i. Airway

ii. Highway/Road

iii. Railway

iv. Marine/Waterway

v. Pipelines

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Road Mode of Transport

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Airway Mode of Transport

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 Railway Mode of Transport

Tanzania SGR 160km/h

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 Pipelines Transport

TAZAMA Pipeline EACOP- Under

Construction
Marine Transport

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 INTRODUCTION

Road Transportation and Its Characteristics:

Road transport is the most common and nearest to the people.

 All classes of road vehicles consisting of both personal or

public transport vehicles and also the pedestrians can make use
of the roadway system.

 Has High level of integration with all other modes of transport.

The passengers and goods have to be first transported by road
before reaching a railway station or an airport.

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 INTRODUCTION

 Roads are used by various types of road vehicles like passenger,

goods vehicles and pedestrians. But the rail locomotives and
wagons can only make use of the railway track. The ships and boats
can make use of only the waterways and the aircraft’s only the
airports.

Road transport infrastructure requires the lowest initial

investments in comparison to that for the infrastructure of other
transportation modes. The cost of any class of road of road vehicle is
much lower is much lower than that of other carriers like the
railways, ships and aircrafts. The initial cost of construction and the
cost of maintenance of roads is also lesser than those for railway
tracks, harbors and airports.
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 INTRODUCTION

 Roads offer complete freedom to the road user to make use of

the roadway facilities at any time convenient to them or to move
the vehicle from a lane of the road to the adjoining one and from
one road to another, according to the need and convenience.

 Road transport is the only mode that offers the facilities to the
whole section of society.

Road transport is prone to a high rate of accidents due to the

flexibility of movements offer to the road users. Speed of
movement is directly related with the severity of accidents. The
road safety decreases with the increasing running speed

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 INTRODUCTION

Highway Functional Classification:

 Classification of highways into different functional classes

and geometric design types is necessary for
communication among professionals and the public

 A complete functional design system provides for a series

of distinct travel movements: main movement,
transition, distribution/collection, access and
termination

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 INTRODUCTION

Typically the main movement occurs on one or more main

roads where the movement is uninterrupted high speed
flow

From the highway the highways vehicles transitions to

lower speed collectors/distributors which carry them near
their destination

Next the vehicle enters collector roads that penetrates

neighbourhoods

Next the vehicle enters access roads to reach their

destination – individual residences
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INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION

Functional classification is used to group roadways

according to the type of service they are INTENDED to
provide:
 Mobility – ARTERIALS

 Distribution/Collection – COLLECTORS

 Access – LOCAL / STREET

 Social Interaction – NMT facilities – Cycle and

pedestrian paths

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 INTRODUCTION

Two major considerations in classifying roadways into

functional classes is Mobility and Access

To enable arterials to function their basic mobility function

it is necessary to limit access to adjacent property directly
from the arterial road

To enhance the access function of the local street network

it is necessary to limit their use for mobility function!

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 INTRODUCTION

Accessibility- refers to the direct connection to abutting lands

and land uses provided by roadways.

Accessibility comes in the form of curb parking, driveway

access to off-street parking, bus stops, taxi stands, loading
zones, driveway access to loading areas, and similar features.

 The access function allows a driver or passenger to depart the

transport vehicle to enter the particular land use in question.

Mobility- refers to the through movement of people, goods, and

vehicles from Point A to Point B in the transportation system

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Increasing
Mobility/
Through Traffic

Increasing Access/
Local traffic

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TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 35
 In Tanzania Road classification is based on administrative
aspects of the facility and on functional aspects.
(Geometric Design Manual 2011-MoW-Tz)- Chapter 2

The existing network is classified in accordance with the

Road Act of 2007, i.e.
1) National roads

2) District roads

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National Roads: Trunk roads and Regional roads

Class A: Trunk Roads

A national route that links two or more regional

headquarters; or an international through route that links
regional headquarters and another major or important city
or town or major port outside Tanzania.

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Class B: Regional Roads

These routes connecting a trunk road and district or regional

headquarters in a region; or connecting regional and district
headquarters.

District Roads: Collector, Feeder & Community roads

Class C: Collector roads

-A road linking a district headquarters and a division centre;
-A road linking a division centre with any other division centre;

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A route linking a division centre with a ward centre;
-A road within urban area carrying through traffic which
predominantly originates from and destined out of the
town and links with either regional or a trunk road

Class D: Feeder Roads

-A road within urban area that links a collector road and

other minor road within the vicinity and collects or
distributes traffic between residential, industrial and
principal business centres of the town;

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Class E: Community roads:
A road within a village or a road which links a village to a village.

Roads of the highest functional classes, i.e. A and B, have as their

major function to provide mobility and have longer trip lengths.

They are required to provide a high level of service with a high

design speed.

 The roads of Class C, D and E serve in accommodating shorter

trips, feeding the higher classes of the roads and providing
Accessibility

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………END………

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