Chapter 1

Matter, Measurement and Problem

Solving
 Chapter Outline
• Chemistry in Context
• Phases and Classification of Matter
• Physical and Chemical Properties
• Measurements
• Mathematical Treatment of Measurement
Results
 The Discovery Process
• Chemistry - The study of matter and the changes it
undergoes.
– Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space
• A table
• A piece paper
– What about air?
• Yes, it is matter

-Examples of things that are not matter……

Chemistry:
• the study of matter
• its chemical and physical properties
• the chemical and physical changes it
undergoes
• As matter undergoes change, it will
gain or lose energy.
MAJOR AREAS OF CHEMISTRY
• Biochemistry - the study of life at the 1
molecular level
• Organic chemistry - the study of matter
containing carbon and hydrogen
• Inorganic chemistry - the study of matter
containing other elements, not organic
• Analytic chemistry - analyze matter to
determine identity and composition
• Physical chemistry - attempts to
explain the way matter behaves
 Chemistry the Central Science
• Chemistry is interconnected to a vast array of
other STEM disciplines.

Knowledge of chemistry is central to understanding a wide

range of scientific disciplines. This diagram shows just some of
the interrelationships between chemistry and other fields.
 The Categorization of Matter
• Properties - characteristics of matter
scientists can use to categorize different
types of matter.

• Ways to Categorize matter:

1. By State
2. By Composition
1.2 The Categorization of Matter
Three States of Matter
1.Gas - particles widely separated, no
definite shape or volume solid 4

2. Liquid - particles closer together,

definite volume but no definite shape

3. Solid - particles are very close together,

define shape and definite volume
 Three States of Water

(a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gas

 Chapter 1: Essential Ideas

Be able to define, recognize and give examples of

the following:

1.Physical Property and physical change

2.Chemical Property and chemical change
3. Extensive Property
4. Intensive Property
1.2 The Categorization of Matter • Physical property - is observed 5
without changing the composition or
identity of a substance
• Physical change - produces a
recognizable difference in the
appearance of a substance without
causing any change in its composition
or identity
- conversion from one physical state to
another
- melting an ice cube
Separation by Physical Properties

Magnetic iron is separated from other nonmagnetic

substances, such as sand. This property is used as
a large-scale process in the recycling industry.
1.2 The Categorization of Matter
• Chemical property - result in a
change in composition and can be 5
observed only through a chemical
reaction
• Chemical reaction (chemical
change) - a chemical substance is
converted in to one or more different
substances by rearranging, removing,
replacing, or adding atoms.
hydrogen + oxygen  water

reactants products
 Example for Physical Change

• When water boils, it

changes its state from a
liquid to a gas.

• The gas remains

composed of water
molecules, so this is
a physical change.
 Chemical Change
• Changes that alter the
composition of matter are
chemical changes.

• During a chemical change,

atoms rearrange,
transforming the original
substances into different
substances.

• Rusting of iron is a chemical

change.
 Physical and Chemical Properties
• A physical property is a • A chemical property
property that a substance is a property that a
displays without substance displays
changing its composition. only by changing its
composition via a
• The smell of gasoline is a chemical change (or
physical property.
chemical reaction).
• Odor, taste, color,
• The flammability of gasoline,
appearance, melting point,
in contrast, is a chemical
boiling point, and density
property.
are all physical properties.
• Chemical properties include
corrosiveness, acidity, and
toxicity.
 Properties of Hydrogen Gas

A physical property of hydrogen gas is its

low density.
A balloon filled with hydrogen gas will
float in air.

A chemical property of hydrogen gas is that

it reacts vigorously with oxygen gas.
Define the following changes:

1. Producing carbon dioxide gas and solid lime

by heating limestone
chemical change

2. Mixing alcohol and water

physical change

3. Separating a solid from a liquid by filtration

physical change
1.2 The Categorization of Matter
• Intensive properties - a property of
matter that is independent of the 6
quantity of the substance
- Color
- Melting Point

• Extensive properties - a property of

matter that depends on the quantity of
the substance
- Mass
- Volume
1.2 The Categorization of Matter Composition of Matter

• Pure substance - a substance that has only one

component
7
• Mixture - a combination of two or more pure
substances in which each substance retains its
own identity, not undergoing a chemical reaction
1.2 The Categorization of Matter Composition of Matter

• Element - a pure substance that cannot be

changed into a simpler form of matter by any
chemical reaction 7
• Compound - a pure substance resulting from
the combination of two or more elements in a
definite, reproducible way, in a fixed ratio
 Classification of Pure Substances
• Pure substances categorize into two types:
Elements & compounds

• This categorization depends on whether or not they

can be broken down (or decomposed) into simpler
substances.
 Formula for Compounds

C4H4N2O2
Uracil,
one of the fundamental
components of RNA

Subscripts indicate number

of atoms of each element
in one molecule of the
compound

23
 Composition of Matter

• Pure substance - a substance that has only one

component
7
• Mixture - a combination of two or more pure
substances in which each substance retains its
own identity, not undergoing a chemical reaction
 Composition of Matter

• Mixture - a combination of two or more pure

substances in which each substance retains its own
identity
7
• Homogeneous - uniform composition, particles well
mixed, thoroughly intermingled
• Heterogeneous – nonuniform composition, random
placement
Methods Used to Separate mixtures
• Filtration;
• Centrifuge;
• Evaporation;
• Distillation;
• Extraction

26
 Exercise:
Cross Match the Following:
• 18 K Gold Jewelry • an element
• Water solution of NaCl • a compound
• Helium gas • a mixture of elements
• Glucose • a mixture of compounds
• Air • a mixture of elements
• Coke Cola & compounds
 The Units of Measurement
Units - the basic quantity of mass, volume or
whatever quantity is being measured
– A measurement is useless without its units
• English system - a collection of functionally unrelated
units
– Difficult to convert from one unit to another
– 1 foot = 12 inches = 0.33 yard = 1/5280 miles
• Metric System - composed of a set of units that are
related to each other decimally, systematic
– Units relate by powers of tens
1.3 The Units of Measurement
Metric System Units
• Mass - the quantity of matter in an object
– not synonymous with weight
– standard unit is the gram (g)
– The pound (lb) is the common English unit.
1 lb = 454 g

• Mass must be measured on a balance (not a

scale)
1.3 The Units of Measurement
• Length - the distance between two points
– standard unit is the meter (m)
– The yard is the common English unit.
1 yd = 0.91 m

• Volume - the space occupied by an object

– standard unit is the liter
– The quart is the common English Unit
1 qt = 0.946 L
8
 Volume =
lxwxh

Volume =
1 dm x 1 dm x 1 dm =
1 dm3

1 dm3 = 1 L
• Time
- metric unit is the second
 Metric System Prefixes
• Basic units are the units of a quantity
without any metric prefix.
 The Numbers of Measurement
• Information-bearing digits or figures in a
number are significant figures

• The measuring devise used determines the

number of significant figures in a measurement

• The degree of uncertainty associated with a

measurement is indicated by the number of
figures used to represent the information
1.4 The Numbers of Measurement

Significant figures - all digits in a number

representing data or results that are known
with certainty plus one uncertain digit
1.4 The Numbers of Measurement Recognition of Significant
Figures
• All nonzero digits are significant
• 7.314 has four significant digits
• The number of significant digits is independent
of the position of the decimal point
• 73.14 also has four significant digits
• Zeros located between nonzero digits are
significant
• 60.052 has five significant digits
 Use of Zeros in Significant
Figures
• Zeros at the end of a number (trailing zeros) are
significant if the number contains a decimal point.
• 4.70 has three significant digits

• Trailing zeros are insignificant if the number does

not contain a decimal point.
• 100 has one significant digit; 100. has three

• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero integer are not

significant.
• 0.0032 has two significant digits
 Summary of Sig. Fig. Rules
1. All non zero numbers are significant
2. All zeros between non zero numbers are
significant
3. Leading zeros are NEVER significant. (Leading
zeros are the zeros to the left of your first non zero
number)
4. Trailing zeros are significant ONLY if a decimal
point is part of the number. (Trailing zeros are the
zeros to the right of your last non zero number).
 Rounding Off Numbers
Rounding off is used to delete non-significant figures.

• 1. Find the last digit that is to be kept.

• 2. Check the number immediately to the right:
If that number is less than 5, leave the digit to be kept
alone.
If that number is greater than 5, increase the digit to be
kept by one.
If that number is 5, we round up or down, whichever
yields an even value for the digit to be kept.
 Rounding
The following examples illustrate the application of this rule in
rounding a few different numbers to three significant figures:

•0.028675 rounds “up” to 0.0287 (the dropped digit, 7, is greater than

5)

•18.3384 rounds “down” to 18.3 (the dropped digit, 3, is less than 5)

•6.8752 rounds “up” to 6.88 (the dropped digit is 5, and the retained
digit is even)

•92.85 rounds “down” to 92.8 (the dropped digit is 5, and the retained
digit is even)
 Scientific Notation is a way of representing
very small or very large numbers. It is also
called exponential notation
large numbers:
Diameter of the Earth: 12,760,000 meters
1.276 x 107 meters;
Small numbers:

Size of a typical atom: 0.00000000011 m

1.1 x 10 -10 meters
 Exponential or Scientific Notation
4
1.23  10

Coefficient (this number Base Exponent

is 1 and <10 in scientific
notation) Exponential part

Written as the product of two numbers

Number between one and ten

Ten raised to an integer power

Exponent: positive or negative?

If decimal number ≥ 10
Power of 10 is positive

If decimal number < 1

Power of ten is negative
 Important

You must be able to enter numbers into YOUR

calculator in scientific notation and to carry out
mathematical operations correctly.
 Rules of Sig. Fig. in Calculations
Multiplication/Division
The number of significant figures in the answer is
limited by the factor with the smallest number of
significant figures.
Addition/Subtraction
The number of significant figures in the answer is
limited by the least precise number.
number
NOTE: exact numbers never limit calculations.
1.4 The Numbers of Measurement Significant Figures in Calculation of
Results
Rules for Addition and Subtraction
• The result in a calculation cannot have greater
significance than any of the quantities that
produced the result
• Consider: 9

37.68 liters
6.71862 liters
108.428 liters
152.82664 liters

correct answer 152.83 liters

 Sig. Figures in + and -
Determine the correct number of sig. figs. in the following
calculation:
391 – 12.6 + 156.1456 =
 Sig. Figures in + and -
To determine the correct decimal to round to,
align the numbers at the decimal place:

391 no digits here

12.6
+156.1456

One must round the calculation to the least

significant decimal.
 Sig. Figures in + and -
391 one must round to here
-12.6
+156.1456
534.5456 (answer from calculator)

round to here (units place)

Answer: 535
 Sig. Figures in x and ÷
Determine the correct number of sig. figs. in the
following calculation, express the answer in scientific
notation:

from the calculator:

23.50  0.2001  17 = 1996.501749 10 digits
4 sf 4 sf 2 sf

Your calculator knows nothing of sig. figs. !!!

 Sig. Figures in x and ÷
Determine the correct number of sig. figs. in the
following calculation, express the answer in
scientific notation.

in sci. notation: 1.996501749  103

Rounding to 2 sf: 2.0  103

 Sig. Figures in Calculations
Example: Complete the following math operation and
report the value with the correct # of sig. figs.
(26.05 + 32.1)  (0.0032 + 7.7) = ???

1 determine the correct # of

st 2nd determine the correct # of sf
sf in the numerator (top) in the denominator (bottom)

The result will be limited by the least # of sf (division rule)

 Sig. Figures in Calculations
Carry all of the digits through the calculation and round at the end.

58.15 3 sig figs

7.7032 2 sig figs!

= 7.5488 = 7.5
2 sf
Round to here
1.4 The Numbers of Measurement Exact and Inexact Numbers
• Inexact numbers have uncertainty by
definition
• Exact numbers are a consequence of
counting
• A set of counted items (beakers on a shelf)
has no uncertainty
• Exact numbers by definition have an
infinite number of significant figures
How many students are in this classroom?
Count them – 48

This is an exact number.

 Unit Conversion
• You must be able to convert between
units:
- within the metric system
- between the English and metric system

• The method used for conversion is called

the Factor-Label Method (Dimensional
Analysis)

!!!!!!!!!!! VERY IMPORTANT !!!!!!!!!!!

 Problem Solving and
Chemical Arithmetic
Dimensional Analysis:
Dimensional analysis converts one unit to another
by using conversion factors (CF’s).
Conversion factors come from equalities:
1 m = 100 cm
1m 100 cm
100 cm OR 1 m
 Unit Conversion Problems
• You must practice Unit Conversion Problems
in order to learn it. Unit Conversion is NOT
just for Chemistry!
 Example 1

A bottle of aspirin tablets contains 0.716 lb of

aspirin. How many grams of aspirin is this?

Convert pounds to grams

453.6 g = 1 lb
1 lb 453.6g
453.6 g 1 lb
 Example 2
• The length of a virus is 0.00417 inches. What is
its length in meters?
Given: 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1 m = 100 cm
 Density
1.7 Additional Experimental

• Density
– the ratio of mass to volume 12
Quantities

– an intensive property
– use to characterize a substance as
each substance has a unique
density
– Units for density include:
• g/mL
• g/cm3
• g/cc
1.7 Additional Experimental
Quantities

water

liquid mercury
cork

brass nut
 Calculate the density based on the data

The calculated density cannot be more precise than the

least precise measurement.

The calculated density will have 2 significant figures.