Chapter 1

Chemistry: The Study of Change

 Matter and Its Classification
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has m
ass.

• Forms of energy are NOT matter. Heat and light, f

or example, do not occupy space and have no ma
ss.

• Consider the different forms of matter and energ

y in this picture.
 Composition of Matter
• We classify matter so th
at we can understand it
better. Matter
– One way to classify matt
er is as pure substances
or mixtures.

Pure Substances Mixtures

 Matter –– anything
Matter anything
that
that occupies
occupies space
space
and
and has
has mass
mass

Pure Substances ––
Pure Substances Mixtures –– are
Mixtures are
have
have uniform
uniform (the
(the composed
composed of of two
two
same)
same) chemical
chemical or
or more
more pure
pure
composition
composition substances
substances and
and
throughout
throughout and
and may
may or
or may
may not
not
from
from sample
sample toto have
have uniform
uniform
sample
sample composition
composition
 Pure Substances
• have the same composi
tion throughout, and fro Pure
m sample to sample. Substances

• can be further classified

as either elements or co
mpounds.
Elements Compounds
 Pure Substances
• Have uniform, or the same, chemical composition throu
ghout and from sample to sample.
• Two kinds of pure substances
– Elements
• An element is a substance that cannot be broken down int
o simpler substances even by a chemical reaction.
• Elements are separated further into metals and nonmetals
.
– Compounds
• A compound is a substance composed of two or more ele
ments combined in definite proportions.
Elements in Periodic Table
 Atoms
• Matter is composed of a
toms.
– An atom is the smallest u
nit of an element that re
tains the chemical prope
rties of that element.
 Elements and their Symbols
• Element symbols often consist of one or two letters o
f the element’s name.
• Examples: carbon: C calcium: Ca
• How do we explain that Fe is the symbol for iron?
 Elements and their Symbols
• Know the names and symbols of the most com
mon elements indicated.
 Atoms and Molecules
• Atoms can be found combined t
ogether in molecules.
– Molecules are composed of two or
more atoms bound together in a di
screte arrangement.
– The atoms bound together in a mo
lecule can be from the same eleme
nt or from different elements.
 Compounds
• A compound is a pure substance composed of
two or more elements combined chemically in
definite proportions.
• A compound has properties that are different f
rom those of its component elements.
 Molecule vs Compound
• A molecule is formed when two or more atom
s join together chemically.
• A compound is a molecule that contains at lea
st two different elements.
• All compounds are molecules but not all mole
cules are compounds.
 Elements and Compounds
• Identify each of the following as an element or
compound.

1. He
2. H2O
3. sodium chloride
4. copper
 Mixtures
• A mixture is a combination of two or more eleme
nts or compounds .
• Mixtures differ from pure compounds in that thei
r components can be separated by physical proce
sses.

• Examples:
– Pencil lead
– Salt water
– Air
 Mixtures
• Mixtures can be further
classified as homogene
ous and heterogeneous.

• Homogeneous mixtures
have the same composi
tion throughout.
• Heterogeneous mixture
s do not.
 Mixtures
• Classify each of the following mixtures as hom
ogeneous or heterogeneous:
– Salt water
– Lake water
– Tap water
– Air
– Brass (an alloy of copper and zinc)
– Potting soil
– Cake mix
 States of Matter
• A different way to classify matter is by its physi
cal state: solid, liquid, or gas.

– What are the macroscopic properties of each?

– How do the atoms and molecules of solids, liquids,

and gases behave differently?
 Symbols Used in Chemistry
• Symbols for physical states
– are found in parenthesis by the elemental symbol
or chemical formula
– designate the physical state
[ex. solid, liquid, gas, aqueous]
 Name Symbol

helium He(g)

chlorine Cl2(g)

silver Ag(s)

water H2O(l)

carbon dioxide CO2(g)

methane (natural gas) CH4(g)

1.2 Physical and Chemical Changes an
d Properties of Matter
• A physical property is a characteristic that we can obs
erve without changing the composition of a substanc
e.
• Examples
– Color
– Odor qualitative properties
– Mass
– Volume
– Density quantitative properties
– Temperature
 Extensive vs. Intensive Properties
• Extensive Property – Depends upon how much
matter is being considered
– Ex) Mass, Length, Volume
• Intensive Property – Does not depend upon th
e amount of matter
– Ex) Density Temperature, Color
 Units and Conversions
Metric Base Units and Derived Units
• Length: meter (m)
• Mass: kilogram (kg)
• Volume: liter (L) *1 mL = 1 cm3
• Time: second (s)
• Temperature: Celsius(ºC)
• Number of particles: mole (mol)
 Conversion
Prefixes Mass measurements
tera T 1012 1 Tg = 1012 g
giga-G 109 1 Gg = 109 g
mega- M 106 1 Mg = 106 g
kilo- k 103 1 kg = 103 g
centi- c 102 1 cg = 102 g
milli- m 103 1 mg = 103 g
micro-  106 1 g = 106 g
nano- n 109 1 ng = 109 g
pico- p 1012 1 pg = 1012 g
 Temperature
• Temperature:
– a measure of how hot or cold something is relative to some sta
ndard
– is measured with a thermometer
– units are degrees Celsius (ºC) and kelvins (K)

TK = T°C + 273.15
T°F = 1.8(TºC) + 32

Ex) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at 245
2ºF. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.
 Density
•  
= How heavy things are in a fixed volume.

Ex) A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g ha

s a volume of 15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of
gold
 Chemical Properties
• Chemical properties are descriptions of the abil
ity of a substance to undergo a chemical chang
e.
• Examples:
– Hydrogen burns easily with oxygen
– Helium is unreactive
– Iron rusts
– Silver tarnishes
– Gold is very unreactive
 Physical Changes
• A physical change is a process that changes th
e physical properties of a substance without c
hanging its chemical composition.
• Changes in physical state are physical changes.
 Chemical Changes
• A chemical change is a process where one or more su
bstances are converted into one or more new substa
nces. (Also called a chemical reaction.)

• Examples:
– Pennies tarnishing
– Burning gasoline
– The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water
 Physical vs. Chemical Changes
• Classify each of the following as a physical or c
hemical change:
– Evaporation of water
– Burning of natural gas
– Melting a metal
– Converting H2 and O2 to H2O
 Data:
Measurements
and
Confidence
35
 Components of a Measurement

numerical value

154
70.0 kilograms =
pounds
unit

A measurement has two components.

36
 Confidence in a Numeric Value

The degree of confidence one has in the

accuracy of a numeric value is represented
by the number of significant figures the
numeric value has.

37
 Significant Figures

The number of digits that are known plus

one estimated digit are considered
significant in a measured quantity

Here, 5 are known with certainty

5.16143 1 is estimated (i.e. uncertain)

38
 Significant Figures

All nonzero numbers are significant.

3 Significant Figures

46 39
 Significant Figures

A zero is significant when it is between nonzero

digits.

3 Significant Figures

40 40
 Significant Figures

A zero is significant at the end of a number that i

ncludes a decimal point.

5 Significant Figures

55 . 000 41
 Significant Figures

A zero is not significant when it is before the first

nonzero digit.

1 Significant Figure

0 . 006 42
 Significant Figures

A zero is not significant when it is at the end of a

number without a decimal point.

1 Significant Figure

50000 43
 Rounding
off Numbers

44
Rules for Rounding Off Numbers
• When calculations are performed, extra digi
ts may be present in the results.
• It is necessary to drop these extra digits so t
he answer has the correct number of signifi
cant figures.
• When digits are dropped the value of the la
st digit retained is determined by a process
known as rounding off numbers.

45
 Rounding Off Numbers
(to 4-Sig Figs)

Rule 1. When the first digit after those you wa

nt to retain is 4 or less, that digit and all digits
after it are dropped. The last digit retained is
not changed.

4 or less

1.875377
46
 Rounding Off Numbers
(to 3-Sig Figs)

Rule 2. When the first digit after those you wa

nt to retain is 5 or greater, that digit and all ot
hers to its right are dropped. The last digit ret
ained is increased by 1.

drop
5 or
these
greater
figures
increase by 1

6
5.459672
47
Scientific Notation
of Numbers

48
A method for representing very large or ve
ry small numbers in a simpler form is calle
d scientific notation.

6.022 x 10
602200000000000000000000
23

6.25 x 10
-21
0.00000000000000000000625

49
Write 6419 in scientific notation.
decimal after
first nonzero power of 10
digit

6.419 x 10
641.9x10
64.19x10
6419.
6419 13
2

50
Write 0.000654 in scientific notation.
decimal after
first nonzero power of 10
digit

6.54 x 10
0.000654
0.00654
0.0654
0.654 -4
-3
-2
-1

51
Significant Figures i
n Calculations

52
The results of a calculation cannot be m
ore precise than the least precise data.

53
Multiplication or Division

54
In multiplication or division, the answer
must contain the same number of signifi
cant figures as in the measurement that
has the least number of significant figure
s.

55
 2.3 has two significant figures.

(190.6)(2.3) = 438.38

190.6 has four significant

Answer given by
figures.
calculator.

The answer should have two significant figures

because 2.3 is the number with the fewest significant
figures.

Drop these three

Round off this digit to
digits.
four.

438.3
8 is 440 or 4.4 x 102
The correct answer 56
Addition or Subtraction

57
The results of addition or subtraction mu
st be expressed to the same precision as
the least precise data.

58
Add 125.17, 129 and 52.2
Least precise number.

125.17
Answer given by 129.
calculator.
52.2
306.37
Round off to the nearest
Correct answer.
unit.

306.37
59
 1.039 - 1.020
Calculate Answer given by
1.039 calculator.

1.039 - 1.020
= 0.018286814
1.039 Two significant
figures.
1.039 - 1.020 = 0.019
0.019
= 0.018286814 0.018 286814
0.018286814
1.039
The answer should have two significant figures
Drop these 6
because 0.019 is the number with the fewest Correct answer.
digits.
significant figures.

60
Problem Solving

61
 Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis converts one

unit to another by using one or m
ore conversion factors.

unit2  unit1 x conversion factor = unit2

62
 A Step by Step Strategy
Steps:
1. Write down the desired quantity (i.e. Unit 2).

2. Write down given quantities (i.e. Unit 1).

3. Write down needed conversion factors.

4. Unit conversion: L  mL  g  Mol.  Molecules.

5. Use “linear” setup to obtain desired unit(s) and

calculate answer.
Unit2  Unit1 x Conversion Factor(s) = Unit2
 Convert 3.7 x 103 cm to micrometers.

Centimeters can be converted to micrometers

by writing down conversion factors in
succession.

cm  m  meters
6
3 1m 10 μm 7
3.7 x 10 cm x x = 3.7 x 10 μm
100 cm 1m

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