PYTHON

INTRODUCTION

 Python was developed by Guido Van Rossum.

 Python is derived from many other languages,
including C,C++, Unix shell and other scripting
languages.
 Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive,
object oriented and high level programming language.
 FEATURES

E.g.: In C
• Simple and easy-to-learn #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
• Easy to read and void main()
{
understand printf(“Hello World”);
getch();
}
• Interpreted and interactive
In python
• Free and Open Source print(“Hello World”)

• Object-Oriented Language
• Portable

• Multi-Platform

• Graphical User Interface (GUI) Support

• Easy to Debug
 PYTHON USED FOR
1. Web development
2. Machine learning
3. Data analysis/visualization
4. Web scrapping
5. Game development
6. Desktop app etc…
 HISTORY

• The implementation of Python was started in the

December 1989 by Guido Van Rossum at CWI in

Netherland.

• In February 1991, van Rossum published the code

• Python is influenced by following programming languages:

ABC language

Modula-3

• Latest stable release 3.13.0 in Nov 2023

 JOB OPPORTUNITIES

 Software Engineer
 Web Developer
 Data Analyst
 Data Scientist
 Software Developer
 Machine Learning Engineer
SITES
 Instagram
 YouTube
 Google
 IDENTIFIERS

• An identifier in Python is a name used to identify a

variable, function, class, module, or any other object
 Rules for Identifiers in Python:

• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase(a

to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an
underscore (_)
• Reserved keywords cannot be used as an identifier.
• Identifiers cannot begin with a digit.
• Special symbols like @, !, #, $, % etc. cannot be
used in an identifier.
• Identifier can be of any length.
• Identifiers are case-sensitive.
 Reserved Keywords
• Keywords are predefined and reserved words in Python that
have special meanings.
• They define the syntax of the code and cannot be used as
identifiers.
• There are 35 keywords in Python 3.11

• Examples of Python keywords include if, else, for, while, def,

True, False, import, pass and many more.
 VARIABLES

• In Python, variables are containers that store specific values.

• Variables are reserved memory locations to store values.

• Each variable has a name and an associated value.

• We can store various types of data (numbers, strings, lists, etc.) in

variables.

• When we want to access the stored value, we simply refer to the

variable by its name.

• A variable is created the moment we assign a value to it.

 Rules for Python Variables:

• Variable names must start with a letter or the underscore

character.
• Variable name cannot start with a number.

• Variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters

and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _).
• Variable names are case-sensitive (e.g., Age and age are
different)
 COMMENTS
• In Python, comments are essential for making code more
readable and for providing explanations.
 Single-Line Comments:

• To create a single-line comment, start the line with a #

symbol.
• Python will ignore everything after the #.

Eg: # This is a comment

print("Hello, World!")
 Inline Comments:

• You can also place comments at the end of a line of code.

• Python will ignore the rest of the line.

Eg: print("Hello, World!") # This is a comment

 Multiline Comments:

• Python doesn’t have a dedicated syntax for multiline

comments.
• Use multiple # symbols for each line:

Eg: # This is a comment

# written in

# more than just one line

print("Hello, World!")
• Alternatively, use a multiline string (triple quotes) to create
a comment block.

Eg: """
This is a comment written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")
 QUOTES

• In Python, you can represent strings using a single quotes

(') or double quotes (") or triple quotes (“””)
 Single Quotes:

• Enclose a string within single quotes.

Eg: single_quoted = 'This is a single-quoted string.'

 Double Quotes:

• Enclose a string within double quotes.

Eg: double_quoted = "This is a double-quoted string.“

 Mixing Single and Double Quotes:

• Sometimes you need to include quotes within a string.

Eg: mixed_quotes2 = 'They said "We will miss you" as he left.'

 Triple Quotes (Multiline Strings):

• Python doesn’t have a dedicated syntax for multiline

comments

Eg: multiline_string = '''This is a multiline string.

It spans across multiple lines.'''

 PYTHON OPERATORS

 In Python, operators are special symbols or keywords used to

perform various operations on variables and values.
 Arithmetic Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Identity Operators
 Membership Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bit-wise Operators
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Conditional statements, allow you to execute different blocks of code based on certain
conditions.

 if statement

 if-else statement

 If-elif-else statement
 if statement
The if statement is used to execute a block of code if a
specified condition is true. If the condition evaluates to false,
the block of code is skipped.

if condition :
# code to be executed
 If-else statement
The if-else statement allows you to execute one block of code if
a condition is true, and a different block of code if the condition
is false.

if condition:
# code to be executed
else:
#code to be executed
 If-elif-else Statement
The if-elif-else statement allows you to check multiple conditions and
execute different blocks of code based on which condition is true. The elif
keyword stands for "else if".

if expression 1:
# code to be executed
elif expression 2:
# code to be executed
elif expression 3:
# code to be executed
else:
# code to be executed
 INDENTATION IN PYTHON

• Indentation is a crucial concept in Python.

• It determines the structure of your code by indicating
blocks of code that are executed together.
• In Python, indentation refers to the whitespace at the start
of a line. It is used to group statements together.
• Each block of code (such as loops, conditions, and
functions) is indented by a certain number of spaces or
tabs.
 LOOPING STATEMENTS
 Looping statements in Python allow you to execute a block of code
repeatedly.
 It provides code re-usability.
 Using loops, we do not need to write the same code again and again.

• for loop
• while loop
 for loop
for loops are used to iterate over a sequence of
items

for item in sequence:

# Code block to be repeated
 While loop
while loops are used to repeatedly execute a block of statements while a
condition is true.

while condition:
# Code block to be repeated
 Loop Control Statements
 ‘break’: Terminates the loop prematurely when a
certain condition is met.
 ‘continue’: Skips the current iteration of the loop
and proceeds to the next iteration.
 ‘pass’(placeholder): When the pass statement is
executed , nothing happens.
 DATA TYPES
Immutable
• Integer
• Float
• Boolean
• String
• Tuple

Mutable
• List
• Set
• Dictionary
 FUNCTIONS
 A group of related statements to perform a specific task is known as a
function.
 Functions help to break the program into smaller units.
 Functions avoid repetition and enhance code reusability.

Python provides two types of functions:-

i) Built-in functions
ii) User-defined functions
Built-in Functions:-
 These functions are provided by Python itself and are readily available for use
without the need for additional import statements.
 Examples include print(), len(), range(), max(), min(), etc.

print("Hello, world!")
User-defined Functions:-
 User-defined functions are created by the programmer to perform
specific tasks or operations.
def greet():

print("Hello, welcome!")

greet()
Defining Functions:-
 You can define a function in Python using the ‘def’ keyword followed by the function
name and parameters enclosed in parentheses. The function body is then indented.
Calling Functions:-
 To execute a function, simply write its name followed by parentheses.
Function Parameters:-
 Functions can accept parameters, which are values passed to the function when it's called.
Return Statement:-
 Functions can return values using the return statement.
Recursion:-
 A defined function can call itself.
Map Functions:-
 Works as an iterator to return a result after applying a function to
every item of an iterable.

map(function, iterables)
Filter Functions:-
 Used to filter elements from an iterable based on a
given condition.
filter(function, iterables)
Lambda Functions:-
 Lambda functions, also known as anonymous
functions.
 Its a small, unnamed functions that are defined using
the lambda keyword.
Function = lambda args:expression
OOPS CONCEPT
• Python is a multi-paradigm programming language.(approach to solve problems)
• Procedural Oriented Programming (POP)
• large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
• no data security.
• Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Solve problem by using objects
• Object and class are the main components
 Object Oriented Programming

 OOP is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes.

 OOPs concepts focuses on re-usability of code.

 OOPs allow user to create their own objects, i.e, attributes and methods.

 Attribute : variable inside a class

 Methods : functions inside a class

 Object-Oriented Concepts

1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation