PHP Operators:

• PHP Operator is a symbol i.e used to perform operations on operands. In simple words, operators are
used to perform operations on variables or values. For example: $num=10+20;//+ is the operator and
10,20 are operands

• PHP Operators can be categorized in following forms:

1. Arithmetic operators 7. Array operators

8. Conditional assignment operators
2. Assignment operators

3. Comparison operators

4. Increment/Decrement operators

5. Logical operators

6. String operators
PHP Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators

The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common arithmetical
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y

** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th

power
PHP Operators:
2. Assignment Operators:

The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.
Assignment Same as... Description

x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right

x += y x=x+y Addition

x -= y x=x-y Subtraction

x *= y x=x*y Multiplication

x /= y x=x/y Division

x %= y x=x%y Modulus
PHP Operators:
3. Comparison Operators

The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
Operator Name Example Result
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y

=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y,

and they are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to
$y

<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to

$y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to
$y, or they are not of the same
type
PHP Operators:
Comparison Operators
Operator Name Example Result
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

>= Greater than or equal $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or

to equal to $y
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or
equal to $y
<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an integer less than, equal
to, or greater than zero, depending
on if $x is less than, equal to, or
greater than $y. Introduced in PHP
7.
PHP Operators:
4. Increment / Decrement Operators:

The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value and decrement operators are
used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Same as... Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one

--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x

$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

PHP Operators:
5. Logical Operators:

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Operator Name Example Result
and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true

or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true

xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both

&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

PHP Operators:
6. String Operators:

PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

Operator Name Example Result

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and

$txt2

.= Concatenation assignment $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1

PHP Operators:
7. Array Operators:

The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.

Operator Name Example Result
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same

key/value pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same
key/value pairs in the same order and of
the same types

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

PHP Operators:
8. Conditional Assignment Operators:

The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a value depending on conditions:
Operator Name Example Result
?: Ternary $x Returns the value of $x.
= expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 The value of $x is expr2 if expr1 = TRUE.
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 = FALSE

?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x.

The value of $x is expr1 if expr1 exists,
and is not NULL.
If expr1 does not exist, or is NULL, the
value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
• A conditional statement in PHP is a programming construct that allows you to execute different
blocks of code based on whether a specified condition evaluates to true or false.

• It enables you to create dynamic and flexible code logic by controlling the flow of execution
based on various conditions.

1. if statement:

• PHP if statement executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.

if (condition) {

// Code to execute if condition is true

}
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
Example of if statement: $t = 14;

if ($t < 20) {

echo “Hello!";}

2. if-else statement:

• PHP else statement executes a block of code if the condition of the preceding if statement evaluates
false.
if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
// Code to execute if condition is false
}
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
• Example of if-else statement;

$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {

echo "Have a good day!";

} else {

echo "Have a good night!";

}
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
3. nested if statement:

• PHP else if statement allows you to evaluate multiple conditions sequentially and execute the
corresponding block of code if any condition is true.

if (condition1) {

// Code to execute if condition1 is true

} elseif (condition2) {

// Code to execute if condition2 is true

} else {

// Code to execute if both condition1 and condition2 are false

}
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
Example of else if statement:

$a = 13;

if ($a > 10) {

echo "Above 10";

if ($a > 20) {

echo " and also above 20";

} else {

echo " but not above 20";

}}
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
4. Switch statement:

PHP switch statement provides an alternative to multiple elseif statements by allowing you to test a
variable against multiple possible values and execute different blocks of code accordingly.
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// Code to execute if expression equals value1
break;
case value2:
// Code to execute if expression equals value2
break;
default:
// Code to execute if expression doesn't match any case
}
 Conditional Statements in PHP:
Example of switch statement:
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";}