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Programming
Language
Programming Language

▪ A programming language is a vocabulary and set of

grammatical rules for instructing a computer or
computing device to perform specific tasks.
▪ The term programming language usually refers
to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C+
+, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
▪ Each programming language has a unique set of
keywords (words that it understands) and a
special syntax for organizing program instructions.
Programming Language

▪ Set of instructions that are compiled together

to perform a specific task by the CPU (Central
Processing Unit)
▪ Mainly refers to high-level languages such as
C, C++, Pascal, Ada, COBOL, etc.
▪ Each programming language contains a
unique set of keywords and syntax, which are
used to create a set of instructions.
Based on the levels of abstraction, programming language can
be classified into two categories:

▪ Low-level language
▪ High-level language
 Programming
Language

Low Level High Level

Languages Languages

Procedural Problem Oriented/

Assemble
Machine Language Oriented Language Object Oriented Natural Language
Language
(3GL) Language

(5GL)
1GL 2GL 3GL 4GL
Low-level language

▪ The low-level language is a programming

language that provides no abstraction from the
hardware, and it is represented in 0 or 1 forms,
which are the machine instructions.
▪ This language is the most understandable
language used by computer to perform its
operations. It can be further categorized into:
▪ The languages that come under this category
are the Machine level language and
What is the difference between
Machine-level language and Assemble
Language?
 Machine-level language Assembly language
The machine-level language comes at the The assembly language comes above the
lowest level in the hierarchy, so it has zero machine language means that it has less
abstraction level from the hardware. abstraction level from the hardware.

It cannot be easily understood by humans. It is easy to read, write, and maintain.

The machine-level language is written in binary The assembly language is written in simple
digits, i.e., 0 and 1. English language, so it is easily understandable
by the users.
It does not require any translator as the In assembly language, the assembler is used to
machine code is directly executed by the convert the assembly code into machine code.
computer.
It is a first-generation programming language. It is a second-generation programming
language.
High level
Programming
Language
INTRODUCTION

▪ High-level programming languages, while simple compared to

human languages, are more complex than the languages the
computer actually understands, called machine languages.
▪ Each different type of CPU has its own unique machine
language.
▪ Lying between machine languages and high-level languages
are languages called assembly languages.
▪ Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but
they are much easier to program in because they allow
a programmer to substitute names for numbers.
INTRODUCTION

▪ Machine languages consist of numbers only.

▪ Lying above high-level languages are languages
called fourth-generation languages (usually
abbreviated 4GL).
▪ 4GLs are far removed from machine languages
and represent the class of computer languages
closest to human languages.
High-level programming
languages are so-called third-
generation languages,
whereas low-level languages
can be described as first-
generation (machine code)
and second-generation
(assembly language)
languages. This is because
high-level programming
languages were invented
after machine code and
assembly language.
High-Level Language
▪ Instructions of this language closely resembles to
human language or English like words. It uses
mathematical notations to perform the task.
▪ The high level language is easier to learn.
▪ It requires less time to write and is easier to
maintain the errors.
▪ The high level language is converted into machine
language by one of the two different languages
translator programs; interpreter or compiler.
High-Level Language

▪ The high-level language is a programming language

that allows a programmer to write the programs
which are independent of a particular type of
computer.
▪ The high-level languages are considered as high-level
because they are closer to human languages than
machine-level languages.
▪ When writing a program in a high-level language,
then the whole attention needs to be paid to the logic
of the problem.
CONVERTING TO MACHINE LANGUAGE

▪ Regardless of what language you use, you

eventually need to convert your program into
machine language so that the computer can
understand it. There are two ways to do this:
▪ 1) Compile the program.
2) Interpret the program.
Procedural-Oriented language (3GL)

▪ Procedural Programming is a methodology for

modeling the problem being solved, by determining
the steps and the order of those steps that must be
followed in order to reach a desired outcome or
specific program state.
▪ These languages are designed to express the logic
and the procedure of a problem to be solved.
▪ It includes languages such as Pascal, COBOL, C,
FORTAN, etc.
Procedural-Oriented language (3GL)

▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages

▪ Because of their flexibility, ▪ It is easier but needs

procedural languages are able to higher processor and
solve a variety of problems. larger memory.
▪ Programmer does not need to
▪ It needs to be translated
think in term of computer
therefore its execution
architecture which makes them
focused on the problem. time is more.
▪ Programs written in this
language are portable.
Problem-Oriented/ Object Oriented language (4GL)

▪ It allows the users to specify what the output should

be, without describing all the details of how the data
should be manupulated to produce the result. This is
one step ahead from 3GL. These are result oriented
and include database query language.
▪ Eg: Visual Basic, C#, PHP, etc.
▪ The objectives of 4GL are to:
▪ Increase the speed of developing programs.
▪ Minimize user’s effort to obtain information from
computer.
Problem-Oriented/ Object Oriented language (4GL)

▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages
▪ t is easier but needs higher
▪ Programmer need not to
processor and larger
think about the procedure of
memory.
the program. So,
programming is much easier. ▪ It needs to be translated
therefore its execution time
is more.
Natural language (5GL)

▪ Natural language are still in developing stage where

we could write statements that would look like
normal sentences.
Natural language (5GL)

▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages
▪ Easy to program. ▪ It is slower than previous
▪ Since, the program uses normal generation language as it should
sentences, they are easy to be completely translated into
understand. binary code which is a tedious
task.
▪ The programs designed using 5GL
will have artificial intelligence (AI). ▪ Highly advanced and expensive
▪ The programs would be much electronic devices are required to
run programs developed in 5GL.
more interactive and interesting.
Therefore, it is an
expensive approach.
Programming Language
THE TOP PROGRAMMING Popularity in
LANGUAGES
(IEEE SPECTRUM)
2023
References

▪ Beal, Vangie. 1996. Programming Language.

https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/programming
-language/
. Updated May 28, 2021.
▪ JavaPoint.
https://www.javatpoint.com/classification-of-program
ming-languages
▪ Tyrocity.com
https://tyrocity.com/topic/types-of-programming-lang
uages/
Thank you!