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Operators Precedence in C++
C++ Operators Precedence
The operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed in an expression. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated first.
Example
Consider the following expression:
int x = 10 + 4 * 3;
Here, the multiplication has higher precedence than addition, so 4 * 3 is evaluated first, resulting in x = 10 + 12, which gives x = 22.
To change the order, use parentheses:
int x = (10 + 4) * 3;
Now 10 + 4 is evaluated first, resulting in x = 14 * 3, which gives x = 42.
C++ Operator Precedence Table
The operators are listed from top to bottom in descending order of precedence:
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| () [] -> . | Function call, Subscript, Member access | arr[0], obj.method(), ptr->member |
| ++ -- | Increment/Decrement | x++, --y |
| ! ~ - + | Logical/Bitwise NOT, Unary plus/minus | !flag, ~num, -value, +value |
| * / % | Multiplication, Division, Modulus | a * b, x / y, n % 2 |
| + - | Addition, Subtraction | a + b, x - y |
| << >> | Bitwise shift | x > 3 |
| < <= > >= | Relational operators | a = y |
| == != | Equality operators | a == b, x != y |
| & | Bitwise AND | a & b |
| ^ | Bitwise XOR | x ^ y |
| | | Bitwise OR | a | b |
| && | Logical AND | x && y |
| || | Logical OR | a || b |
| ?: | Ternary conditional | x ? y : z |
| = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= >= | Assignment and compound assignment | a = b, x += y, z >>= 2 |
| , | Comma | x = (a, b, c) |
Example of Operators Precedence
Try the following example to understand operators precedence concept available in C++. Copy and paste the following C++ program in test.cpp file and compile and run this program.
Check the simple difference with and without parenthesis. This will produce different results because (), /, * and + have different precedence. Higher precedence operators will be evaluated first −
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
cout << "Value of (a + b) * c / d is :" << e << endl ;
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
cout << "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is :" << e << endl ;
e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
cout << "Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is :" << e << endl ;
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
cout << "Value of a + (b * c) / d is :" << e << endl ;
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Value of (a + b) * c / d is :90 Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is :90 Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is :90 Value of a + (b * c) / d is :50
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