National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce

Fresh Snow and Temperature Outlook Ahead of Christmas Day

If you are looking for fresh snow by Christmas morning or are curious about potential travel disruptions, the best chances for at least 1" of new snowfall early this week exist across the mountainous West, Great Lakes, and Northeast. Otherwise, temperatures this last full week of December will average above normal for much of the lower 48 states. Read More >

A Severe Weather Climatology of Central PA

Historical Severe Weather Maps

Where do you live? How often do damaging events occur in your area?

 

See this fantastic Severe Weather Climatology Page for KCCX (our local radar) put together by the NWS Storm Prediction Center. It contains a fantastic picture of WHERE severe weather has affected Central PA since 1980.

 

The tornado data goes back to 1881. All others come strictly from NCDC's Storm Data record, which is 1950 to present.
 
While the data below presents only the positive cases where damage was correlated to a severe weather event, we can surmise that the more-populous areas of the state record more severe events. This may be due to the fact that in the less-populous (forested) areas, we just don't receive the reports - as the events that may have happened there are not reported. Occasionally we do get reports from the foresters that a large "blow-down" of trees has occurred, but those reports are rather infrequent.

 

Flooding Events by County
(River Flooding and Flash Floods Combined)
from 1950 to 2004.

Floods By County Map   

Severe Thunderstorm Events by County
(Hail and Wind Damage Combined)
from 1950 to 2018.

Severe Thunderstorms by County Map   

Tornado Events by County
from 1950 through 2022

   

 

Local History & Climatology

 

See All Tornado Events for a specific County:

Search for Past Tornado, Severe Wind Gust and Hail Events
(from NCDC Storm Data, 1/1/1950 through roughly 3 months ago)

 

Severe Hail and Severe Wind Gusts organized by
the time of day of occurrence (for All of PA)

 Hail and Wind events by hour

PA Tornadoes by Time of Day
tornadoes by hour chart
 
PA Tornado Magnitude and Frequency by Month
 

PA Tornadoes by Year (thru 5/31/2019)

 

  The Enhanced Fujita Scale
(EF Scale)

The EF Scale, which became operational on February 1, 2007, is used to assign a tornado a 'rating' based on estimated wind speeds and related damage. When tornado-related damage is surveyed, it is compared to a list of Damage Indicators (DIs) and Degrees of Damage (DoD) which help estimate better the range of wind speeds the tornado likely produced. From that, a rating (from EF0 to EF5) is assigned.

The EF Scale was revised from the original Fujita Scale to reflect better examinations of tornado damage surveys so as to align wind speeds more closely with associated storm damage. The new scale has to do with how most structures are designed.


EF SCALE
EF Rating 3 Second Gust (mph)
0 65-85
1 86-110
2 111-135
3 136-165
4 166-200
5 Over 200

*** IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT EF SCALE WINDS: The EF scale still is a set of wind estimates (not measurements) based on damage. Its uses three-second gusts estimated at the point of damage based on a judgment of 8 levels of damage to the 28 indicators listed below. These estimates vary with height and exposure. Important: The 3 second gust is not the same wind as in standard surface observations. Standard measurements are taken by weather stations in open exposures, using a directly measured, "one minute mile" speed.


Assigning a Tornado Rating Using the EF Scale

The NWS is the only federal agency with authority to provide 'official' tornado EF Scale ratings. The goal is assign an EF Scale category based on the highest wind speed that occurred within the damage path. First, trained NWS personnel will identify the appropriate damage indicator (DI) [see list below] from more than one of the 28 used in rating the damage. The construction or description of a building should match the DI being considered, and the observed damage should match one of the 8 degrees of damage (DOD) used by the scale. The tornado evaluator will then make a judgment within the range of upper and lower bound wind speeds, as to whether the wind speed to cause the damage is higher or lower than the expected value for the particular DOD. This is done for several structures not just one, before a final EF rating is determined.


Enhanced F Scale Damage Indicators

NUMBER
(Details Linked)
DAMAGE INDICATOR ABBREVIATION
1 Small barns, farm outbuildings SBO
2 One- or two-family residences FR12
3 Single-wide mobile home (MHSW) MHSW
4 Double-wide mobile home MHDW
5 Apt, condo, townhouse (3 stories or less) ACT
6 Motel M
7 Masonry apt. or motel MAM
8 Small retail bldg. (fast food) SRB
9 Small professional (doctor office, branch bank) SPB
10 Strip mall SM
11 Large shopping mall LSM
12 Large, isolated ("big box") retail bldg. LIRB
13 Automobile showroom ASR
14 Automotive service building ASB
15 School - 1-story elementary (interior or exterior halls) ES
16 School - jr. or sr. high school JHSH
17 Low-rise (1-4 story) bldg. LRB
18 Mid-rise (5-20 story) bldg. MRB
19 High-rise (over 20 stories) HRB
20 Institutional bldg. (hospital, govt. or university) IB
21 Metal building system MBS
22 Service station canopy SSC
23 Warehouse (tilt-up walls or heavy timber) WHB
24 Transmission line tower TLT
25 Free-standing tower FST
26 Free standing pole (light, flag, luminary) FSP
27 Tree - hardwood TH
28 Tree - softwood TS

Other background information:

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