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Hiòng-liōng khong-kan

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Hiòng-liōng khong-kansò͘-ha̍k lāi-tóe hō-chò sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ ê chı̍t-ki teh gián-kiù ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

It-poaⁿ lán teh kóng-·ê kí-hô-ha̍k ê hiòng-liōng, lán nā chim-chiok hun-thiah i-ê sèng-chit, liáu-kái i nn̄g-ê ki-pún ūn-sǹg (ia̍h-tio̍h-sī hiòng-liōng ka-hoat kap sûn-liōng sêng-hoat) kap chı̍t-kóa-á hān-chè, lán tio̍h ē-tàng chhōe-tio̍h chı̍t-thò kong-siat lâi biâu-su̍t chit-ê hō-chò hiòng-liōng khong-kan ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

Chiàu án-ne lâi kóng, hiòng-liōng m̄-nā sī kí-hô-ha̍k ê hiòng-liōng nā-tiāⁿ. Put-koán siáⁿ-mi̍h sò͘-ha̍k ê mi̍h, nā kap chit-thò kong-siat ū bā, tio̍h sǹg sī hiòng-liōng. Pí-lūn-kóng, kan-taⁿ ēng si̍t-sò͘ chò hē-sò͘ ê chōe-hāng-sek tio̍h chiâⁿ-chò chı̍t-ê hiòng-liōng khong-kan. Hiòng-liōng khong-kan ū chia-·ê thiu-siōng ê te̍k-sèng, tī sò͘-ha̍k ū chiâⁿ-tōa ê lō͘-iōng.

Chèng-sek ê tēng-gī

[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Hiòng-liōng khong-kan sī tùi chı̍t-ê thé F (chhin-chhiūⁿ si̍t-sò͘ chiū-sī chı̍t-ê thé, ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ mā sī thé) chiâⁿ-sêng ê chı̍p-ha̍p V, jî-chhiáⁿ ài ū nn̄g-hāng ūn-sǹg:

  • hiòng-liōng ka-hoat, ēng v+w lâi phiau-kì, chia kóng-ê v kap w lóng sī V ê sêng-oân,
  • sûn-liōng sêng-hoat, ēng a v lâi phiau-kì, chia kóng-ê aF ê sêng-oân, vV ê sêng-oân,

Chit nn̄g-hāng ūn-sǹg ài chun-chiàu ē-kha cha̍p-tiâu kong-siat ê kui-tēng:

  1. Hiòng-liōng ka-hoat ài hip-hong, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī u kap v lóng sī V ê sêng-oân(kì-chò u, vV), u+v mā tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī V ê sêng-oân (kì-chò u+vV).
  2. Sûn-liōng sêng-hoat ài hip-hong, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī aF, jî-chhiáⁿ vV, a v tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sī V è sêng-oân.
  3. Hiòng-liōng ka-hoat ài ū kiat-ha̍p hoat-chek, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī u, v, wV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w.
  4. Hiòng-liōng ka-hoat ài ū kau-oāⁿ hoat-chek, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī v, wV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h v + w = w + v.
  5. Hiòng-liōng ka-hoat ài ū lêng-oân, tio̍h-sī kóng, tī V lāi-tóe ài ū chı̍t ê 0, hō-chò lêng-hiòng-liōng, put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h v + 0 = v.
  6. Hiòng-liōng ka-hoat ài ū ge̍k-oân, tio̍h-sī kóng, put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV, lán tio̍h ē-tàng chhōe-tio̍h chı̍t-ê wV, hō͘ v+w=0. Chit-ê w hō-chò v ê ka-hoat ge̍k-oân.
  7. Sûn-liōng sêng-hoat ài ū kiat-ha̍p hoat-chek, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī a, bF, vV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h a(b v) = (ab)v.
  8. Sûn-liōng sêng-hoat ài ū tan-ūi-oân, tio̍h-sī kóng, tī F lāi-tóe ài ū chı̍t ê 1, put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h 1 v = v.
  9. Sûn-liōng sêng-hoat tùi hiòng-liōng ka-hoat ài ū hun-phòe hoat-chek, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī aF, jî-chhiáⁿ v, wV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h a(v+w) = a v + a w.
  10. Sûn-liōng sêng-hoat tùi thé ê ka-hoat mā ū hun-phòe hoat-chek, tio̍h-sī kóng, nā-sī a, bF, jî-chhiáⁿ vV, tiāⁿ-tio̍h (a+b)v = a v + b v.

V ê sêng-oân hō-chò hiòng-liōng, F ê sêng-oân hō-chò sûn-liōng. Tōa-pō͘-hūn ê pān-sè sûn-liōng nā m̄-sī si̍t-sò͘ tio̍h-sī ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘. Nā beh phoàⁿ-toàn chit-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ sī-m̄-sī hiòng-liōng khong-kan, lán tio̍h-ài kóng-bêng F kap V, tēng-gī V ê hiòng-liōng ka-hoat kap sûn-liōng sêng-hoat. Téng-koân cha̍p-ê kong-siat sī pit-iàu kap chhiong-hūn ê tiâu-kiāⁿ.

Ki-pún ê sèng-chit

[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Tùi chia-ê kong-siat ē-tàng khoàⁿ-chhut chı̍t-kóa-á hiòng-liōng khong-kan ê sèng-chit.

  • V lāi-tóe kan-taⁿ ū chı̍t-ê lêng-hiòng-liōng.

    Nā-sī kóng V lāi-tóe ū nn̄g-ê bô-kâng ê lêng-hiòng-liōng 01 kap 02, chiàu tē-5-tiâu kóng-siat, put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV, v+01=v, só͘-í 02+01=02. Koh-lâi, mā-sī tē-5-tiâu, v+02=v, só͘-í 01+02=01. Chiàu tē-4-tiâu, 02+01=01+02. Só͘-í 02=01, khêng-sı̍t 01 kap 02 tio̍h-sī kâng chı̍t-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

  • Put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV, nā kap F ê ka-hoat tan-ūi-oân chò sûn-liōng sêng-hoat, kiat-kó it-tēng sī lêng-hiòng-liōng, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī 0 v=0.

      v+0 v = 1 v + 0 v     --- tē-8-tiâu
               = (1+0)v       --- tē-10-tiâu
               = 1 v              --- F ê sèng-chit
               = v               --- tē-8-tiâu

Koh-lâi, chiàu tē-5-tiâu, 0 v tio̍h-sī lêng-hiòng-liōng. Lêng-hiòng-liōng kan-taⁿ ū chı̍t-ê, só͘-í 0 v=0.

  • Put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê aF, a 0 = 0.

    Nā-kóng a0, téng-koân tio̍h í-keng thó-lūn-kè-·ah. Nā m̄-sī, kun-kù thé ê sèng-chit, a ài-ū chı̍t-ê sêng-hoat ge̍k-oân a-1 . Put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV,

           v+a 0 = 1 v+a 0            --- tē-8-tiâu 
                   = a  a-1 v + a 0     --- F ê sèng-chit
                   = a(a-1 v+0)       --- tē-9-tiâu
                   = a a-1 v             --- tē-5-tiâu
                   = v                   --- tē-7-tâu

Koh-lâi, chiàu tē-5-tiâu, a 0 tio̍h-sī lêng-hiòng-liōng. Lêng-hiòng-liōng kan-taⁿ ū chı̍t-ê, só͘-í a 0=0.

  • Nā-sī a v = 0, án-ne m̄-sī a=0, tio̍h-sī v=0.

a m̄-sī 0, v = 1 v = a-1 a v = a-1 0 = 0. Tī v m̄-sī 0 ê pān-sè, nā kóng a m̄-sī 0, chiàu thâu-chêng kóng-·ê, v ài sī 0 chiah tio̍h, só͘-í a it-tēng ài sī 0.

  • V lāi-tóe beh chhōe jīm-hô chı̍t-ê v ê ge̍k-oân kan-taⁿ chhōe-ū chit-ê.

    Nā-kóng v ū nn̄g-ê bô-kâng ê ge̍k-oân w1 kap w2, chiàu tē-6-tiâu, v+w1=v+w2=0. Téng-hō nn̄g-pêng lóng kā ka w1, w1+(v+w1) = w1+(v+w2). Chiàu tē-3-tiâu kap tē-4-tiâu, w1+(v+w1) = (v+w1)+w2. Só-í w1+0=0+w2. Chiàu tē-sì-tiâu kap tē-gō͘-tiâu, w1=w2, khêng-si̍t w1 kap w2 tio̍h-sī kâng-chı̍t-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

  • Nā-sī -1F lāi-tóe sêng-hoat tan-ūi-oân ê ka-hoat ge̍k-oân, put-koán tó-chı̍t-ê vV, -1 v tio̍h-sī v ê ka-hoat ge̍k-oân, kán-tan siá-chò -v.

    v + -v = 1 v + -1 v = (1+-1)v = 0 v = 0, só͘-í -v tio̍h sī v ê ka-hoat ge̍k-oân.

  • Chū-bêng ê hiòng-liōng khong-kan

    Chū-bêng hiòng-liōng khong-kan ê V tio̍h-sī {0}, lāi-tóe kan-taⁿ ū chı̍t-ê lêng-hiòng-liōng nā-tiāⁿ. Hiòng-liōng ka-hoat kap sûn-liōng sêng-hoat mā lóng sī chū-bêng ê.

  • Thé

    Thé pún-sin mā-sī chı̍t-ê hiòng-liōng khong-kan. V tio̍h sī F, hiòng-liōng ka-hoat kap sûn-liōng sêng-hoat tio̍h-sī kap thé goân-tóe ê tēng-gī sio-siâng.

  • Chō-phiau khong-kan

    Tio̍h-sī it-poan lán tī kí-hô-ha̍k teh kóng ê hiòng-liōng.

  • Bû-hān chō-phiau khong-kan
  • Hêng-lia̍t
  • Chōe-hāng-sek
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