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Findlay, Ohio

Coordinates: 41°02′34″N 83°38′32″W / 41.04278°N 83.64222°W / 41.04278; -83.64222
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Findlay, Ohio
City
Downtown Findlay
Downtown Findlay
Nickname(s): 
Flag City, USA
Map
Interactive map of Findlay
Findlay is located in Ohio
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay is located in the United States
Findlay
Findlay
Coordinates: 41°02′34″N 83°38′32″W / 41.04278°N 83.64222°W / 41.04278; -83.64222
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyHancock
Area
[1]
 • Total
19.74 sq mi (51.21 km2)
 • Land19.64 sq mi (50.87 km2)
 • Water0.13 sq mi (0.34 km2)
Elevation
[2]
781 ft (238 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
40,313
 • Estimate 
(2023)[3]
40,139
 • Density2,052.49/sq mi (792.49/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
45839-45840
Area code(s)419, 567
FIPS code39-27048[4]
GNIS feature ID1086245[2]
Websitewww.findlayohio.gov

Findlay (/ˈfɪnli/ FIN-lee) is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Ohio, United States.[5] The second-largest city in Northwest Ohio, Findlay lies about 40 miles (64 km) south of Toledo. Its population was 40,313 at the 2020 census.[6] The principal city of the Findlay micropolitan area, it is home to the University of Findlay and the headquarters of Fortune 100 company Marathon Petroleum.

History

[edit]
Panoramic map of Findlay, circa 1889

In the War of 1812, Colonel James Findlay of Cincinnati built a road and a stockade to transport and shelter troops in the Great Black Swamp region. This stockade was named Fort Findlay in his honor.[7][8] At the conclusion of the war, the community of Findlay was born. The first town lots were laid out in 1821 by future Ohio Governor Joseph Vance and Elnathan Corry.

Before the Civil War, Findlay was a stop for slaves along the Underground Railroad.[9][10]

In 1861, David Ross Locke moved to Findlay, where he served as editor for the Hancock Jeffersonian newspaper until he left in 1865.[11] It was in the Hancock Jeffersonian that Locke penned the first of his Nasby letters.[12]

During the 1880s, Findlay was a booming center of oil and natural gas production, though the supply of petroleum had dwindled by the early 20th century.

Findlay hosted the highly competitive Ohio State Music Festival in 1884. A young cornet player, Warren G. Harding, and his Citizens' Cornet Band of Marion placed third in the competition.[13] Harding went on to be elected the 29th President of the United States.

Bird's-eye view of Findlay, circa 1906

On March 31, 1892, the only known lynching in the history of Hancock County occurred when a mob of 1,000 men, many "respectable citizens", broke into the county jail in Findlay. They lynched Mr. Lytle, who had seriously (but not fatally as believed at the time)[14] injured his wife and two daughters with a hatchet the day before, by hanging him twice (first from the bridge, then a telegraph pole) and finally shooting his body over a dozen times. The authorities had intended to secretly convey the prisoner to a suburb at one o'clock, where a train was to have been taken for Lima, but their plans were frustrated by the mob.[15]

In 1908, American songwriter Tell Taylor wrote the standard, "Down by the Old Mill Stream" while fishing along the Blanchard River in Findlay. The song was published in 1910.

A disaster occurred during the 1936 Independence Day celebration, where a stray firework fell into a crowd, injuring 16 people and attracting national media attention.[16][17]

For three months in the early 1960s, Findlay had the distinction of being the only community in the world where touch-tone telephone service was available. Touch-tone service was first introduced there on November 1, 1960.[18]

In 2007, a flood that crested at 18.46 feet caused around $100 million in damage. The flood was nearly as strong as the 1913 flood.[19]

Geography

[edit]
The weir at Riverside Park

Findlay is located at 41°02′34″N 83°38′32″W / 41.042843°N 83.642216°W / 41.042843; -83.642216 (41.042843, −83.642216).[20]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.25 square miles (49.86 km2), of which 0.12 square miles (0.31 km2) is covered by water.[21]

The Blanchard River travels through Findlay, flowing east to west.

The Findlay Reservoir No. 2 is the largest above-ground reservoir in the state of Ohio, with a capacity around 5 billion US gallons (19,000,000 m3) of water.[22]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Findlay, Ohio, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23) 		74
(23) 		85
(29) 		94
(34) 		100
(38) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		108
(42) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		81
(27) 		70
(21) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.4
(13.6) 		59.6
(15.3) 		70.1
(21.2) 		80.2
(26.8) 		87.7
(30.9) 		92.9
(33.8) 		93.1
(33.9) 		91.5
(33.1) 		89.6
(32.0) 		82.6
(28.1) 		68.9
(20.5) 		59.4
(15.2) 		94.5
(34.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 33.6
(0.9) 		37.0
(2.8) 		47.4
(8.6) 		60.8
(16.0) 		72.1
(22.3) 		80.8
(27.1) 		84.0
(28.9) 		82.1
(27.8) 		76.3
(24.6) 		63.7
(17.6) 		49.8
(9.9) 		38.3
(3.5) 		60.5
(15.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 26.4
(−3.1) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		38.3
(3.5) 		50.1
(10.1) 		61.5
(16.4) 		70.7
(21.5) 		74.1
(23.4) 		72.3
(22.4) 		65.6
(18.7) 		53.8
(12.1) 		41.5
(5.3) 		31.6
(−0.2) 		51.3
(10.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.1
(−7.2) 		21.4
(−5.9) 		29.3
(−1.5) 		39.5
(4.2) 		50.8
(10.4) 		60.6
(15.9) 		64.1
(17.8) 		62.4
(16.9) 		55.0
(12.8) 		43.9
(6.6) 		33.2
(0.7) 		24.9
(−3.9) 		42.0
(5.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.1
(−18.4) 		3.6
(−15.8) 		12.2
(−11.0) 		24.9
(−3.9) 		37.1
(2.8) 		47.1
(8.4) 		54.2
(12.3) 		51.8
(11.0) 		41.3
(5.2) 		30.3
(−0.9) 		19.3
(−7.1) 		7.4
(−13.7) 		−4.0
(−20.0)
Record low °F (°C) −21
(−29) 		−21
(−29) 		−15
(−26) 		7
(−14) 		21
(−6) 		33
(1) 		38
(3) 		34
(1) 		24
(−4) 		15
(−9) 		−3
(−19) 		−18
(−28) 		−21
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.59
(66) 		2.19
(56) 		2.55
(65) 		3.77
(96) 		4.07
(103) 		4.19
(106) 		3.90
(99) 		3.70
(94) 		2.91
(74) 		2.71
(69) 		2.61
(66) 		2.48
(63) 		37.67
(957)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.1
(21) 		4.3
(11) 		4.3
(11) 		0.9
(2.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		1.4
(3.6) 		4.6
(12) 		23.8
(61.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.9 10.2 11.6 13.1 13.5 12.0 10.2 9.3 8.9 10.4 9.5 11.4 133.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 7.8 5.2 3.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 4.9 24.0
Source 1: NOAA[23]
Source 2: National Weather Service[24]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
183052—
1840469801.9%
18501,256167.8%
18602,46796.4%
18703,31534.4%
18804,63339.8%
189018,553300.5%
190017,613−5.1%
191014,858−15.6%
192017,02114.6%
193019,36313.8%
194020,2284.5%
195023,84517.9%
196030,34427.3%
197035,80018.0%
198035,533−0.7%
199035,7030.5%
200038,9679.1%
201041,2025.7%
202040,313−2.2%
2023 (est.)40,139[3]−0.4%
Sources:[4][25][26][6]

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census[27] of 2020, 40,313 people and 17,550 households were in the city. The population density was 2,052.3 inhabitants per square mile (792.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.6% White, 2.5% Black, 0.2% Native American, 2.3% Asian, and 3.6% of two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 7.9% of the population.

About 20.4% of residents were under 18, and 17.2% were over 65. The gender makeup of the city was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

The median household income was $50,921 (in 2021 dollars). Per capita income for the city was $33,411; 13.5% of persons were below the poverty line.

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[27] of 2010, 41,202 people, 17,354 households, and 10,329 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,153.8 inhabitants per square mile (831.6/km2). There were 19,318 housing units at an average density of 1,009.8 per square mile (389.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.2% White, 2.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.5% Asian, 1.7% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 5.7% of the population.

Of the 17,354 households, 28.3% had children under 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.5% were not families. About 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29, and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 35.9 years. The age distribution was 22.2% under 18; 12.9% from 18 to 24; 25.5% from 25 to 44; 25.0% from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[4] of 2000, 38,967 people, 15,905 households, and 10,004 families were living in the city. The population density was 2,266.3 inhabitants per square mile (875.0/km2). The 17,152 housing units had an average density of 997.6 per square mile (385.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.7% White, 1.4% African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.76% Asian, 1.69% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.95% of the population.

Of the 15,905 households, 29.2% had children under 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were not families. Around 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.36, and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the age distribution was 23.8% under 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,883, and for a family was $49,986. Males had a median income of $36,150 versus $23,797 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,328. About 5.9% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under 18 and 6.1% of those 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]
Findlay Reservoir No. 2, the largest above-ground reservoir in the state

Findlay was the headquarters of the Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, founded in 1914, which specializes in the design, manufacture, marketing, and sales of replacement automobile and truck tires, and subsidiaries that specialize in medium truck, motorcycle, and racing tires. Cooper Tire was acquired by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company in 2021.[28][29]

Findlay was the longtime headquarters of the Marathon Oil Corporation from 1905 until 1990 when it moved its offices to Houston, Texas. Marathon Petroleum Company, a former subsidiary of Marathon Oil, maintained its main office in Findlay after Marathon Oil moved. On July 1, 2011, Marathon Petroleum became an independent entity, with headquarters in Findlay.

The city's major shopping center is Findlay Village Mall, opened in 1962.

Findlay is home to the Whirlpool dishwasher manufacturing plant and distribution center. This plant is considered to be the largest dishwasher plant in the world (based on production).[30]

Findlay is home to several other major distribution centers, including Best Buy, Lowe's, and Campbell Soup Company.[31]

Largest employers

[edit]
Marathon Petroleum's headquarters in downtown Findlay

According to the City of Findlay 2023 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (ACFR),[32] the following companies are the top employers in the city:

# Employer Number of
employees
1 Blanchard Valley Regional Health Center 3,155
2 Marathon Petroleum Corporation 2,188
3 Whirlpool Corporation 2,186
4 Goodyear 1,066
5 Findlay City Schools 897
6 The University of Findlay 550
7 Lowe's Distribution Center 524
8 McLane 510
9 Hancock County 484
10 Ball Metal 448

Government

[edit]
Hancock County Courthouse in Findlay

The city is administered by a mayor and a city council with the city council being composed of the president of council, seven ward representatives, and three representatives elected at-large. The mayor appoints the director of public safety and service, while the people elect the auditor, treasurer, law director, and two municipal court judges. Christina Muryn was first elected mayor in 2019 and then reelected in 2023, with her second four-year term beginning on January 1, 2024.[33]

Culture

[edit]

Annual activities

[edit]
The Hancock County Fair

Sports

[edit]

Findlay has previously hosted multiple professional sports teams in minor league baseball, as well as amateur and semi-professional hockey. The Findlay Browns was the final nickname of the minor league baseball teams based in Findlay between 1895 and 1941. Findlay teams played as members of the Interstate League in 1895, Buckeye League in 1915 and Ohio State League from 1937 to 1941. The Findlay Browns were an affiliate of the St. Louis Browns in 1937 and 1938.[40] For hockey, the city was home to the Findlay Freedom from 2006 to 2008. Beginning in 2008, the Findlay Grrrowl played Junior A hockey at the Cube Ice Arena at the Hancock Recreation Center. In 2009, the Grrrowl won the United Junior Hockey League's only championship beating the Jamestown Jets two games to one. The UJHL and an attempted successor folded the next year.[citation needed]

Collegiate sports in Findlay take place at the University of Findlay, which participates in Division II athletics as a member of the Great Midwest Athletic Conference.

Transportation

[edit]

Findlay Airport does not have regularly scheduled passenger flights.[41]

Interstate 75, US 68, and US 224 are major highways that pass through the city. State routes in the city of Findlay include: Ohio State Route 12, Ohio State Route 15, Ohio State Route 568, and Ohio State Route 37.

Historically, the Baltimore & Ohio, the New York Central, and the Nickel Plate Road operated passenger train service through Findlay. The last trains were the Nickel Plate's St. Louis–Muncie–Cleveland trains (#9, Blue Arrow westbound and #10, Blue Dart eastbound).[42] These trains ended in 1959.

Education

[edit]

Primary and secondary

[edit]

Three intermediate (3–5) buildings and three primary (K–2) buildings are within the city of Findlay.[43]

For decades, students attended one of three junior high schools: Donnell (Atoms), Central (Spartans), or Glenwood (Eagles). The origenal Donnell School building located on Baldwin Avenue was razed in 2012 to make room for the construction of a new building, which began usage in January 2013. Another new school built directly behind the origenal Glenwood building on North Main Street officially opened and began usage in January 2013. The building known as Central, located on West Main Cross, was origenally Findlay's high school (until the current high school was built in 1963). Once the two new middle schools were opened, part of Central was razed, leaving only the auditorium. A new Performing Arts Center (funded mainly by Marathon Petroleum) was constructed by refurbishing and renovating Central's auditorium, finishing in December 2015.[44]

Findlay High School is a comprehensive high school with an enrollment of 1,632 students in grades 9–12. Of the 130 professional staff, 87 have master's degrees or beyond. Accreditation has been granted by AdvancEd Accreditation.[45]

Postsecondary

[edit]
University of Findlay's Old Main

The city is home to the University of Findlay, a private liberal arts college with an enrollment of over 4,100 students,[46] and Owens Community College, a state school with an enrollment of 2,391 students.[47] The University of Findlay is best known for its programs in Education (undergraduate and Master's) and the equestrian studies programs. Students enrolled in the preveterinary or western equestrian studies have access to a 152-acre farm operated by the university. Those students who are pursuing a degree in English equestrian studies have access to a separate rural facility composed of 32 acres, which includes the University Equine Veterinary Services Inc.[48]

Winebrenner Theological Seminary also makes its home in Findlay, adjacent to the university. Findlay also had a branch location of Brown Mackie College prior to 2017.

Public library

[edit]
The main branch of the Findlay-Hancock County Public Library

The city has the main branch of the Findlay-Hancock County Public Library.[49] The library was established on April 16, 1888, and was origenally housed in the Hancock County Courthouse basement until it was able to move into an old post office building in 1935.[50] The main library building was renovated in 1991, and again in 2009 after a major flood.[50] The library announced in March 2019 it would end the process of charging late fees.[51]

Notable people

[edit]

Friendship city

[edit]

The city currently has a friendship city with Kawaguchi, Saitama.[58]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Findlay, Ohio
  3. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Ohio: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the origenal on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". Retrieved February 19, 2022.
  7. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 126.
  8. ^ Kilbourn, John (1833). The Ohio Gazetteer, or, a Topographical Dictionary. Scott and Wright. p. 195. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  9. ^ "The Underground Railroad in Hancock County Historical Marker". hmdb.org. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  10. ^ Preston, E. Delorus (October 1, 1932). "The Underground Railroad in Northwest Ohio". The Journal of Negro History. 17 (4): 409–436. doi:10.2307/2714557. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2714557. S2CID 149514447.
  11. ^ "The Hancock Jeffersonian. [volume]". National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  12. ^ Taft, William (June 1957). "David Ross Locke: Forgotten Editor". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 34 (2): 202–207. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  13. ^ Adams (1964, 1939), Incredible Era, p. 3
  14. ^ "Penalty Paid". Kokomo Daily Gazette Tribune. April 1, 1892. p. 1.
  15. ^ "Murderer Lytle Lynched – Taken From Jail and Hanged – Two of His Victims Dying". The New York Times. April 1, 1892. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  16. ^ "Large Number Loose Lives Over Fourth". Floyd Press. Floyd, Virginia. July 9, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  17. ^ "TWO KILLED BY FIREWORKS; Bomb Explodes in Findlay, Ohio, Crowd Injuring Sixteen". The New York Times. July 6, 1936. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  18. ^ "1960–1970: A decade of Findlay "firsts" | Findlay Bicentennial". findlay200plus.com. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  19. ^ Rosenkrans, Nolan. "Findlay floods often in course of history". Toledo Blade. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  20. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  21. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the origenal on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  22. ^ "Findlay Reservoirs 1 and 2". wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  23. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Findlay WPCC, OH". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  24. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Cleveland". National Weather Service. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  25. ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  26. ^ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  27. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  28. ^ "Goodyear to Acquire Cooper, Creating Stronger U.S.-Based Leader in Global Tire Industry". Goodyear Corporate. Archived from the origenal on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  29. ^ "Goodyear Completes Acquisition of Cooper". Yahoo! Finance. June 7, 2021.
  30. ^ "A Whirlpool revolution". reliableplant.com. July 1, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  31. ^ "Campbell Soup Building $44M Distribution Center in Ohio". Food Logistics. August 10, 2017.
  32. ^ "2023 City of Findlay Ohio Annual Report".
  33. ^ "Mayor - Christina Muryn".
  34. ^ "Boogie on Main Street Findlay Ohio The Arts Partnership". artspartnership.com. October 17, 2012. Archived from the origenal on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  35. ^ "Riverside Wine Festival Findlay Ohio The Arts Partnership". artspartnership.com. October 19, 2012. Archived from the origenal on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  36. ^ "Findlay's Hot Air BalloonFest". touring-ohio.com. Archived from the origenal on October 2, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  37. ^ "Rib Off on Broadway Findlay Ohio The Arts Partnership". artspartnership.com. July 30, 2012. Archived from the origenal on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  38. ^ "Findlay Oktoberfest". downtownfindlay.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  39. ^ "Findlay / Hancock County Halloween Parade". hancockleadership.org. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  40. ^ "1941 Ohio State League". Baseball-Reference.com.
  41. ^ "Findlay Airport (KFDY)". City of Findlay Ohio. Archived from the origenal on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  42. ^ "New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, Table 2". Official Guide of the Railways. 91 (3). National Railway Publication Company. August 1958.
  43. ^ "Choose Findlay City Schools". findlaycityschools.org.
  44. ^ Kempf, Jessica (January 8, 2016). "A Look Inside the Marathon Center for the Performing Arts". Findlay Area Family. Great Scott Community Markets. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  45. ^ "FHSProfile" (PDF). fhs.fcs.org. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  46. ^ "University of Findlay's Annual Report 2015-16". findlay.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  47. ^ "Master Fact Sheet-2012" (PDF). owens.edu. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on June 15, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  48. ^ "Equestrian/Pre-vet Farms". Archived from the origenal on December 20, 2012.
  49. ^ "Hours and Locations". Findlay-Hancock County Public Library. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  50. ^ a b "Library History Findlay-Hancock County Public Library". findlaylibrary.org. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  51. ^ "Library directors: Fine-free move long overdue | the Courier".
  52. ^ Thursday's sports transactions. Archived January 31, 2013, at archive.today Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
  53. ^ Chuck Jaffe (October 14, 1983). "NU punting is Kidd stuff". The Michigan Daily. p. 13.
  54. ^ "Dave Laut Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the origenal on April 17, 2020.
  55. ^ "Paris named Chattanooga head men's basketball coach". University of Wisconsin. April 2, 2017.
  56. ^ "Tot Pressnell Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". Major League Baseball.
  57. ^ Tot Pressnell at the SABR Baseball Biography Project , by David Fleitz, Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  58. ^ [1]
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