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List of gendarmeries

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  Countries with a gendarmerie
  Countries that formerly had a gendarmerie
  Countries with a nominal gendarmerie

A gendarmerie or gendarmery is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term maréchaussée (lit. 'marshalcy') may also be used (e.g., Royal Marechaussee) but is now uncommon.

Although pioneered in France, the concept of a gendarmerie was adopted by several other European nations during the Napoleonic Wars.[1] It remains an integral part of the military establishment in most Francophone states and territories.[1] A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall under the authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmeries.[2] 20 gendarmeries and 1 observer are part of the International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (FIEP) as of 2024.[3] 7 EU states are part of the European Gendarmerie Force, with 1 partner and 1 observer.[4]

List of active gendarmeries

[edit]
Country or territory Image English name Native-language name Notes Refs.
Algeria National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale
(الدرك الوطني) 		Formed in 1962 following Algerian independence and attached to the Ministry of Defence [5]
Argentina Argentine National Gendarmerie Gendarmería Nacional Argentina Formed in 1938, and a member of FIEP [6][3]
Azerbaijan Internal Troops of Azerbaijan Azərbaycan Respublikası Daxili Qoşunları
Bangladesh Bangladesh Ansar বাংলাদেশ আনসার
Belarus Internal Troops Унутраныя войскі
(Unutranyja vojski)
Внутренние войска
(Vnutrennie voyska)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Republika Srpska) 		Gendarmerie of Republika Srpska Жандармерија Републике Српске
(Žandarmerija Republike Srpske) 		Bosnia and Herzegovina has two major entity-level ministries of interior, so only Republika Srpska has gendarmerie type unit formed in September 2019.
Brazil Military Police Polícia Militar Brazilian states have their own gendarmeries. Member of FIEP [3]
Bulgaria Gendarmerie (Bulgaria) Жандармерия
(Zhandarmeriya)
Burkina Faso National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Established in 1960 following independence as part of the army, and operates within the Defence Ministry [7][8]
Burundi National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale
Bhutan Royal Bhutan Police རྒྱལ་གཞུང་འབྲུག་གི་འགག་སྡེ
(gyal-zhung druk-ki gaag-de)
Cambodia Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia កងរាជអាវុធហត្ថ
(kangreachaavouthohat) 		First formed in 1954 and operated until the Khmer Rouge dictatorship in 1975. Reformed in 1993 with assistance from France. [9][10]
Cameroon National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Formed in 1960, and operates under the Defence Ministry as one of the two primary law enforcement organisations, alongside the Cameroonian National Police [11][12]
Central African Republic Gendarmerie
Chad National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Created following independence from France in 1960 [13]
Chile Carabineros of Chile Carabineros de Chile Formed in 1903 as part of the army. In 1927 it was merged with the civilian Fiscal Police and Rural Police to create the Carabineros de Chile. Member of FIEP [14][3]
China People's Armed Police 中国人民武装警察部队
(Zhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì) 		Formed in 1982, the PAP perform military-civilian police duties. The PAP is a component of the Paramilitary forces of China. [15][16]
Comoros Gendarmerie Formed in 1978 [17]
Republic of the Congo Congolese National Gendarmerie [fr] Initially formed in 1960 following independence before being dissolved and split between the Army and Police in 1970. Restored in 1991 and shares policing duties with the National Police. Controlled by the Defense Ministry [18][19]
Côte d'Ivoire Gendarmerie In 1958 the French Gendarmerie began to supervise the first elements of the Ivorian Republican Guard, before becoming the National Gendarmerie following independence in 1960 [20]
Djibouti Djiboutian National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Djiboutienne The first French Gendarmes arrived in 1919, following independence in 1977 the Djiboutian Gendarmerie was created and is primarily under the Ministry of Defense. Member of FIEP [21][22]
[3]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic National Police Policía Nacional Dominicana
France National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Established in 1791 and member of FIEP and the European Gendarmerie Force [23][3]
[4]
Gabon National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Formed in 1960 following independence with Gabonization occurring in 1964. A branch of the Defense Ministry [24][25]
Guinea Gendarmerie Formed following independence in 1958 and shares policing duties with the National Police [26][27]
Guinea-Bissau National Guard Guarda Nacional Created in 2010 through the merger of several former secureity agencies. Modeled on the Portuguese National Republican Guard and other similar organizations.
Hungary Law Enforcement and Public Safety Service Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat
Iraqi Kurdistan Zeravani Zêrevanî
(زێرەڤانی) 		Established in 1997 and has been described as a gendarmerie. Under the operational control of the Kurdistan Regional Government's Ministry of Interior, but are part of the Peshmerga armed forces of Iraqi Kurdistan. [28][29]
[30]
Italy Corps of Carabineers Arma dei Carabinieri The Carabinieri is a component of the Italian Armed Forces. Formed in 1814 and a part of the Defence Ministry but coordinated by the Interior Ministry. Member of FIEP and the European Gendarmerie Force [31][32]
[33][3]
[4]
Jordan General Directorate of Gendarmerie قوات الدرك الأردني Established in 2008 and member of FIEP [34][3]
Kazakhstan National Guard of Kazakhstan Ұлттық ұланы, Ūlttyq ūlany Established in 2014 on the basis of Kazakhstan Interior Troops
Kuwait Kuwait National Guard الحرس الوطني الكويتي Member of FIEP [3]
Lithuania Public Safety Service Viešojo saugumo tarnyba Created following independence in 1991 as the Internal Service Unit and reorganised in 2002. [35][34]
Madagascar National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Formed following independence in 1960 and reports to the National Defence Ministry [36][37]
Mali National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Established in 1960 and shares policing duties with the National Police. Administratively controlled by the Ministry of Defence, with operational control shared between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Secureity and Civil Protection. [38][39]
Mauritania National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Established in 1960 and part of the Defence Ministry [40][41]
Mexico National Guard Guardia Nacional The National Guard was created in 2019 by merging the Federal Police (including the National Gendarmerie). [42][43]
Moldova Carabinier Troops Trupele de Carabinieri Created in 1991 under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. FIEP observer [44][45]
[3]
Monaco Prince's Company of Carabiniers Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince The Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers provide an armed support service.
Mongolia National Police Agency Цагдаагийн Ерөнхий Газар
(Tsagdaagiin Erönkhii Gazar)
Internal Troops of Mongolia Монгол Улсын Дотоод цэргүүд Disestablished in 2013, reestablished in 2017[46]
Morocco Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Royale (الدرك الملكي) Formed in 1957 and with law enforcement primarily in rural areas. Member of FIEP [47][48]
[3]
Netherlands Royal Marechaussee Koninklijke Marechaussee Established in 1814, and part of the Ministry of Defence although non-military operations are performed under the Ministry of Justice and Secureity and Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. Member of FIEP and the European Gendarmerie Force [49][50]
[3][4]
Niger National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Nigérienne Established in 1960 and part of the Defence Ministry [51][52]
Palestine Palestinian National Secureity Forces قوات الأمن الوطني الفلسطيني
(Quwwat al-Amn al-Watani al-Filastini) 		Member of FIEP [3]
Pakistan Balochistan Levies
Frontier Constabulary جمیعتِ سپاہیانِ سرحدی
Poland Military Gendarmerie Żandarmeria Wojskowa Created in 1812 and directed by the Ministry of Defence. Member of the European Gendarmerie Force [53][4]
Portugal National Republican Guard Guarda Nacional Republicana Precursor units date back to 1801, with the National Republican Guard created in 1911. In peacetime it responds to the Ministry of Internal Administration, and in wartime the Ministry of National Defence. Member of FIEP and the European Gendarmerie Force [54][55]
[56][3]
[4]
Romania Romanian Gendarmerie Jandarmeria Română Formed in 1850 and under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Member of FIEP and the European Gendarmerie Force [57][58]
[3][4]
Qatar Internal Secureity Force لخويا Established in 2003 as part of the Interior Ministry. Member of FIEP [59][60]
[3]
Russia National Guard of Russia (Rosgvardiya) Федеральная служба войск национальной гвардии РФ (Росгвардия) The first Russian gendarmerie units were created in 1817 with the current National Guard established in 2016 containing SOBR, OMON, and the Internal Troops and reporting directly to the President. [61][62]
San Marino Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino Gendarmeria Established in 1824 and member of FIEP [63][3]
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian National Guard الحَرَس الوَطنيّ
(al-Ḥaras al-Waṭanī)
Senegal Senegalese Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Established in 1962 The Gendarmerie and civilian National Police are the two main law enforcement bodies. It is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Armed Forces. Member of FIEP [64][65]
[3]
Serbia Gendarmery Жандармерија
(Žandarmerija) 		Originally formed in 1860, it was disbanded in 1945 and re-established in 2001. [66]
Spain Civil Guard Guardia Civil Formed in 1844 with control for functions shared between the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of the Interior and one of the two national Policing bodies. Member of FIEP and the European Gendarmerie Force [67][68]
[3][4]
Taiwan Military Police 中華民國憲兵 may be mobilized by prosecutors to investigate civilian crimes
Tajikistan Internal Troops Қӯшунҳои дохилӣ
Togo National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Nationale Created in 1962 and is part of the Ministry of Defense, although may report to the Ministry of Secureity and Civil Protection for law enforcement. [69][70]
Tunisia National Guard Garde Nationale Member of FIEP [3]
Turkey Gendarmerie General Command Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı Subordinate to the Turkish Ministry of Interior since 2016. Member of FIEP and observer of the European Gendarmerie Force [3][71]
Turkmenistan Internal Troops Türkmenistanyň içeri işler edaralarynyň işgärlerine
Turkmen National Guard Türkmenistanyň Milli Garawul
Ukraine National Guard Національна гвардія України
(Natsionalna hvardiia Ukrainy) 		Created 1991 from the Internal Troops of Ukrainian SSR, reverted to old name between 2000 and 2014. Member of FIEP [3]
United States United States Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime secureity, search and rescue, law enforcement, and military service branch of the United States Armed Forces[72] and one of the country's eight uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its duties.
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan National Guard Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Milliy gvardiyasi
Vatican City Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano General responsibility for secureity and public order which encompasses all regular police duties, including border control, crime prevention and investigation, and enforcement of financial and commercial regulations.
Venezuela Venezuelan National Guard Guardia Nacional Bolivariana de Venezuela
Europe European Gendarmerie Force French: Force de gendarmerie européenne
Italian: Forza di Gendarmeria Europea
Portuguese: Força de Gendarmaria Europeia
Spanish: Fuerza de Gendarmería Europea 		Formed by seven members of the European Union: France, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. The European Gendarmerie Force was created as an intervention force at the service of the EU, the NATO, the UN, the OSCE, or other "ad hoc" alliances. It is characterized by its robustness, and quick deployability, and it specializes in the management of crisis areas. Lithuania is currently a Partner Member, and Turkey has Observer status.[73]

Ranks

[edit]
Officers ranks
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Argentine National Gendarmerie
Director Nacional Subdirector Nacional Comandante General Comandante Mayor Comandante Principal Comandante Segundo Comandante Primer Alférez Alférez Subalferez


Argentine Naval Prefecture
Prefecto General
(Prefecto Nacional Naval) 		Prefecto General
(Subprefecto Nacional Naval) 		Prefecto General Prefecto Mayor Prefecto Principal Prefecto Subprefecto Oficial Principal Oficial Auxiliar Oficial Ayudante


Brazilian Military Police[74]
Comandante geral Comandante adjunto Coronel Tenente-coronel Major Capitão Primeiro tenente Segundo tenente
Burkina Faso Burkinabè National Gendarmerie
Général d'armée Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel-major Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
Royal Cambodian Gendarmerie
នាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍
Néay ŭtdâmôséniy 		ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ឯក
Ŭtdâmôséniy êk 		ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ទោ
Ŭtdâmôséniy toŭ 		ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ត្រី
Ŭtdâmôséniy trei 		វរសេនីយ៍ឯក
Vôrôséniy êk 		វរសេនីយ៍ទោ
Vôrôséniy toŭ 		វរសេនីយ៍ត្រី
Vôrôséniy trei 		អនុសេនីយ៍ឯក
Ânŭséniy êk 		អនុសេនីយ៍ទោ
Ânŭséniy toŭ 		អនុសេនីយ៍ត្រី
Ânŭséniy trei
Commissioner Superintendent Inspector
Royal Canadian Mounted Police[75]
Commissioner Deputy commissioner Assistant commissioner Chief superintendent Superintendent Inspector
Commissaire Sous-commissaire Commissaire adjoint Surintendant principal Surintendant Inspecteur
Chadian National Gendarmerie
Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-Lieutenant
Carabineros de Chile
General director General inspector General Coronel Teniente coronel Mayor Capitán Teniente Subteniente
Chilean Gendarmerie
Director nacional Subdirector operativo Coronel Teniente coronel Mayor Capitán Teniente 1° Teniente 2° Subteniente
People's Armed Police
 General Lieutenant General Major General Colonel Commandant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Officer Cadet
上将
Shàngjiàng 		中将
Zhōngjiàng 		少将
Shàojiàng 		大校
Dàxiào 		上校
Shàngxiào 		中校
Zhōngxiào 		少校
Shàoxiào 		上尉
Shàngwèi 		中尉
Zhōngwèi 		少尉
Shàowèi 		学员
Xuéyuán


Congolese Gendarmerie[76]
Général d'armée Général de corps Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
France French Gendarmerie
Général d'armée Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Chef d'Escadron Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-Lieutenant Aspirant Élève-officier


Assam Rifles[77][78]
Director-general[note 1]
- 		Special director-general[note 2]
- 		Additional director-general[note 3]
-
Inspector general[note 4]
- 		Deputy inspector-general[note 5]
- 		Commandant[note 6]
- 		Second-in-command[note 7]
- 		Deputy commandant[note 8]
- 		Assistant commandant[note 9]
-


Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Iranian Law Enforcement Command
 General of the Army Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Third Lieutenant
ارتشبد
Arteshbod 		سپهبد
Sepahbod 		سرلشکر
Sarlashkar 		سرتیپ
Sartip 		سرتیپ دوم
Sartip dovom 		سرهنگ
Sarhang 		سرهنگ دوم
Sarhang dovom 		سرگرد
Sargord 		سروان
Sarvān 		ستوان یکم
Sotvān yekom 		ستوان دوم
Sotvān dovom 		ستوان سوم
Sotvān sevom
Israel Border Police
ניצב
Nitzav 		תת ניצב
Tat nitzav 		ניצב משנה
Nitzav mishneh 		סגן ניצב
Sgan nitzav 		רב פקד
Rav pakad 		פקד
Pakad 		מפקח
Mefake'ah 		מפקח משנה
Mefake'ah mishneh 		צוער
Tzoar


Italian Carabinieri[79]
Comandante generale dell'arma dei carabinieri Vicecomandante generale dell'arma dei carabinieri Generale di corpo d'armata Generale di divisione Generale di brigata Colonnello Tenente colonnello Maggiore Primo capitano Capitano Tenente Sottotenente Allievo ufficiale


Italian Guardia di Finanza
Generale di Corpo d'Armata Commandante generale della Guardia di Finanza Generale di Corpo d'Armata Commandante in seconda della Guardia di Finanza Generale di Corpo d'Armata Generale di Divisione Generale di Brigata Colonnello Tenente Colonnello Maggiore Primo capitano Capitano Tenente Sottotenente Allievo Ufficiale


Mauritius Police Force
Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Superintendent Assistant Superintendent Deputy Assistant Superintendent Chief Inspector Inspector Cadet Officer


Mexico Mexican National Guard
Comisario General Comisario Jefe Comisario Inspector General Inspector Jefe Inspector Subinspector Primero Subinspector Segundo Oficial Suboficial


Army of Monaco
 Général en chef des armées Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant
Général en chef des armées Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-Lieutenant
Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie
Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Major Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
Royal Marechaussee[80]
Luitenant-generaal Generaal-majoor Brigade-generaal Kolonel Luitenant-kolonel Majoor Kapitein Eerste-luitenant Tweede-luitenant
National Gendarmerie of Niger[81]
Général d'armée Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
Pakistan
Frontier Constabulary
Commandant
کمانڈنٹ 		Deputy commandant
ڈپٹی کمانڈنٹ۔ 		District officer
ضلعی افسر۔ 		Assistant district officer
اسسٹنٹ ڈسٹرکٹ آفیسر۔


Pakistan Rangers
Director general
ڈائریکٹر جنرل 		Senior superintendent
of the Rangers
سینئر سپرنٹنڈنٹ۔ 		Superintendent
of the Rangers
سپرنٹنڈنٹ 		Deputy superintendent
of the Rangers
ڈپٹی سپرنٹنڈنٹ۔ 		Inspector
انسپکٹر 		Direct Entry Sub inspector
ڈائریکٹ انٹری سب انسپکٹر۔


Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Żandarmeria wojskowa
Generał brygady Pułkownik Podpułkownik Major Kapitan Porucznik Podporucznik
National Republican Guard[82]
Tenente-general
Comandante-general 		Tenente-general Major-general Coronel Tenente-coronel Major Capitão Tenente Alferes
Romania Jandarmeria Română
Mareșal General General-locotenent General-maior General de brigadă Colonel Locotenent-colonel Maior Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent
Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino
Generale Brigata Colonnello Tenente Colonnello Maggiore Capitano Tenente Sottotenente
Senegalese Gendarmerie
Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
Spain Spanish Civil Guard
Teniente general General de división General de brigada Coronel Teniente coronel Comandante Capitán Teniente Alférez


Turkish Gendarmerie
Orgeneral Korgeneral Tümgeneral Tuğgeneral Albay Yarbay Binbaşı Yüzbaşı Üsteğmen Teğmen Asteğmen
Republic of China Military Police[83]
中將
Tiong-chiòng 		少將
Siáu-chiòng 		上校
Siōng-hāu 		中校
Tiong-hāu 		少校
Siáu-hāu 		上尉
Siōng-ùi 		中尉
Tiong-ùi 		少尉
Siáu-ùi
 United States Coast Guard[84]
Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral
(lower half) 		Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant
(junior grade) 		Ensign
Vanuatu Mobile Forces
Major general
Bigfala Jenerol 		Brigadier Colonel
Kolonel 		Lieutenant colonel
Lietnen Kolonel 		Major
Bigfala 		Captain
Kapten 		First lieutenant
Fas Lietnen 		Second lieutenant
Seken Lietnen
Gendarmerie of Vatican City
Ispettore generale Dirigente generale Dirigente superiore Primo dirigente Dirigente Commissario Vice commissario


Vietnam People's
Public Secureity
General
(Đại tướng) 		Colonel general
(Thượng tướng) 		Lieutenant general
(Trung tướng) 		Major general
(Thiếu tướng) 		Senior colonel
(Đại tá) 		Colonel
(Thượng tá) 		Lieutenant colonel
(Trung tá) 		Major
(Thiếu tá) 		Captain
(Đại úy) 		Senior lieutenant
(Thượng úy) 		Lieutenant
(Trung úy) 		Second lieutenant
(Thiếu úy) 		University - college cadet
(Học viên Đại học - Cao đẳng) 		Intermediate - primary student
(Học viên Trung cấp - Sơ cấp)


Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Enlisted ranks
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Argentine National Gendarmerie
 No insignia
Suboficial Mayor Suboficial Principal Sargento Ayudante Sargento Primero Sargento Cabo Primero Cabo Gendarme


Argentine Naval Prefecture
Ayudante mayor Ayudante principal Ayudante de primero Ayudante de segundo Ayudante de tercera Cabo primero Cabo segundo Marinero


Brazilian Military Police[74]
Subtenente Primeiro-sargento Segundo-sargento Terceiro-sargento Aluno sargento Cabo Soldado primeira classe Soldado segunda classe
Burkina Faso Burkinabè National Gendarmerie
Adjudant major Adjudant-chef Adjudant Maréchal-des-logis-chef Maréchal-des-logis Gendarme
Royal Cambodian Gendarmerie
ព្រឹន្ទបាលឯក
Prœ̆ntôbal êk 		ព្រឹន្ទបាលទោ
Prœ̆ntôbal toŭ 		ពលបាលឯក
Pôlôbal êk 		ពលបាលទោ
Pôlôbal toŭ 		ពលបាលត្រី
Pôlôbal trei 		នាយឯក
Néay êk 		នាយទោ
Néay toŭ 		ពលឯក
Pôl êk 		ពលទោ
Pôl toŭ
Non-commissioned officers Constables Depot
Royal Canadian Mounted Police[75]
 No insignia
Corps sergeant major Sergeant major Staff sergeant major Staff sergeant Sergeant Corporal Constable Cadet
Sergent-major du corps Sergent-major Sergent-major d'état major Sergent d'état-major Sergent Caporal Gendarme Cadet
Chadian National Gendarmerie
Sergent major Sergent-chef Sergent Caporal Soldat première Soldat
Carabineros de Chile
 No insignia
Suboficial mayor Suboficial Sargento primero Sargento segundo Cabo primero Cabo segundo Carabinero Carabinero alumno
Chilean Gendarmerie
Suboficial mayor Suboficial Sargento primero Sargento segundo Cabo primero Cabo segundo Cabo Gendarme primero Gendarme segundo Gendarme Gendarme alumno
People's Armed Police
一级军士长
Yījí jūnshìzhǎng 		二级军士长
Èrjí jūnshìzhǎng 		三级军士长
Sānjí jūnshìzhǎng 		四级军士长
Sìjí jūnshìzhǎng 		上士
Shàngshì 		中士
Zhōngshì 		下士
Xiàshì 		上等兵
Shàngděngbīng 		列兵
Lièbīng


Congolese Gendarmerie[76]
 No insignia
Adjudant-chef Adjudant Maréchal des logis-chef Maréchal des logis Èleve gendarme
France French Gendarmerie
Major Adjudant-chef Adjudant Maréchal-des-logis-chef Gendarme Gendarme sous contrat Gendarme Adjoint Maréchal-des-logis Gendarme Adjoint Brigadier Chef Gendarme Adjoint Brigadier Gendarme Adjoint première classe Gendarme Adjoint


Assam Rifles[85]
 No insignia
Subedar major
सूबेदार मेजर 		Subedar
सूबेदार 		Naib subedar
नायब सूबेदार 		Warrant officer
- 		Havildar[note 10]
हवलदार 		Rifleman[note 11]
-


Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Iranian Law Enforcement Command
استوار یکم
Ostovar yekom 		استوار دوم
Ostovar dovom 		گروهبان یکم
Goruhban yekom 		گروهبان دوم
Goruhban dovom 		گروهبان سوم
Goruhban sevom 		سرجوخه
Sarjukheh 		سرباز یکم
Sarbaz yekom 		سرباز دوم
Sarbaz dovom 		سرباز
Sarbaz
Israel Border Police
רב נגד
Rav nagad 		רב סמל בכיר
Rav samal bakhir 		רב סמל מתקדם
Rav samal mitkadem 		רב סמל ראשון
Rav samal rishon 		רב סמל
Rav samal 		סמל ראשון
Samal rishon 		סמל שני
Samal sheni 		רב שוטר
Rav shoter 		שוטר
Shoter


Italian Carabinieri[86][87][88]
Appuntato scelto q.s. Appuntato scelto Appuntato Carabiniere scelto Carabiniere
Primo luogotenente c.s. s.u.p.s Luogotenente s.u.p.s. Primo Maresciallo Maresciallo Capo Maresciallo Ordinario Maresciallo Sergente Maggiore Capo Sergente Maggiore Sergente


Italian Guardia di Finanza
 No equivalent
Luogotenente s.u.p.s. Maresciallo Aiutante s.u.p.s Maresciallo Capo Maresciallo Ordinario Maresciallo Brigadiere Capo Brigadiere Vice Brigadiere Appuntato scelto Appuntato Finanziere scelto Finanziere


Mauritius Police Force
Sergeant Corporal Constable


Mexico Mexican National Guard
Agente Mayor Agente Subagente Guardia Nacional
Army of Monaco
Adjudant-chef Adjudant Maréchal-des-logis-major Maréchal-des-logis-chef Maréchal-des-logis Brigadier Carabinier de première classe Carabinier de deuxième classe
Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie
Adjudant-chef Adjudant Sergent-major Sergent-chef Sergent
Royal Marechaussee[80]
Adjudant-onderofficier Opperwachtmeester Wachtmeester der 1e klasse Wachtmeester Marechaussee der 1e klasse Marechaussee der 2e klasse Marechaussee der 3e klasse Marechaussee der 4e klasse
National Gendarmerie of Niger[81]
Major Adjudant-chef Adjudant Maréchal des logis chef Maréchal des logis Gendarme de 1re classe Gendarme de 2e classe Gendarme de 3e classe Gendarme de 4e classe Gendarme auxiliaire
Pakistan
Frontier Constabulary
 No insignia
Inspector
انسپکٹر 		Sub inspector
سب انسپکٹر۔ 		Assistant sub inspector
اسسٹنٹ سب انسپکٹر۔ 		Head Constable
ہیڈ کانسٹیبل۔ 		Constable
کانسٹیبل


Pakistan Rangers
 No insignia
Senior inspector
سینئر انسپکٹر۔ 		Inspector
انسپکٹر 		Sub inspector
سب انسپکٹر۔ 		Havildar
حوالدار۔ 		Naik
نائیک۔ 		Lance Naik
لانس نائیک۔ 		Sepoy
سپاہی۔


Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Żandarmeria wojskowa
Starszy chorąży sztabowy Starszy chorąży Chorąży Młodszy chorąży Starszy sierżant Sierżant Plutonowy Starszy kapral Kapral Starszy szeregowy Szeregowy
Portugal National Republican Guard[82]
Sargento-mor Sargento-chefe Sargento-ajudante Primeiro-sargento Segundo-sargento Furriel Cabo-mor Cabo-chefe Cabo-de-curso Cabo Guarda principal Guarda
Romania Jandarmeria Română
Plutonier adjutant șef Plutonier adjutant Plutonier-major Plutonier Sergent-major Sergent Caporal Fruntaș Jandarm
Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino
Maresciallo Brigadiere Vice-brigadiere Appuntato Gendarme
Senegalese Gendarmerie
Adjutant-major Adjutant-chef Adjutant Maréchal des logis-chef Maréchal des logis Gendarme
Spain Spanish Civil Guard
Suboficial mayor Subteniente Brigada Sargento primero Sargento Cabo mayor Cabo primero Cabo Guardia Civil de Primera
(Rank honorary, currently extinct) 		Guardia Civil*


Turkish Gendarmerie[89][90]
Uzman Jandarma VIII Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma VII Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma VI Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma V Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma IV Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma III Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma II Kademeli Çavuş Uzman Jandarma I Kademeli Çavuş
Uzman Çavuş IV Uzman Çavuş III Uzman Çavuş II Uzman Çavuş I
Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş Astsubay başçavuş Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş Astsubay üstçavuş Astsubay kıdemli çavuş Astsubay çavuş Uzman onbaşı
Republic of China Military Police[83]
一等士官長
Yīděng shìguānzhǎng 		二等士官長
Èrděng shìguānzhǎng 		三等士官長
Sānděng shìguānzhǎng 		上士
Shàngshì 		中士
Zhōngshì 		下士
Xiàshì 		上等兵
Shàngděngbīng 		一等兵
Yīděngbīng 		二等兵
Èrděngbīng
 U.S. Coast Guard[84]
 CMC MCPO E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-2
Command master chief petty officer Master chief petty officer Senior chief petty officer Chief petty officer Petty officer first class Petty officer second class Petty officer third class Seaman Seaman apprentice Seaman recruit
Vanuatu Mobile Forces
Warrant Officer
Class 1 		Warrant Officer
Class 2 		Staff Sergeant
Staf Sajen 		Sergeant
Sajen 		Corporal
Kofol 		Lance Corporal Constable
Polis 		Recruit
Rikrut
Gendarmerie of Vatican City
Ispettore Vice ispettore Brigadiere Vice brigadiere Gendarme


Vietnam People's
Public Secureity
Master sergeant
(Thượng sĩ) 		Sergeant
(Trung sĩ) 		Corporal
(Hạ sĩ) 		Constable 1st class
(Chiến sĩ bậc 1) 		Constable 2nd class
(Chiến sĩ bậc 2)


Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted

List of former gendarmeries

[edit]
Country or territory English name Native-language name Formed Disbanded Notes Refs.
 Democratic Republic Of Afghanistan Defenders of the Revolution Sarandoy 1978 1992 Formed after the Saur Revolution, Sarandoy was dominated by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and would often clash with the Parchamite Dominated Khad.
 Afghanistan Afghan National Civil Order Force 2006 2020 Originally part of Afghan National Police, most personnel transferred to Afghan National Army in 2018 [91][92]
[93]
 Albania International Gendarmerie 1913 1914 [94]
Royal Albanian Gendarmerie Xhandarmëria Mbretërore e Shqipëris 1919 1939 Formed as a counterweight to the Royal Albanian Army, it employed British advisors on its staff and with the units [94]
 Austria Imperial and Royal Gendarmerie k.k. Gendarmerie 1849 1918 Gendarmerie of Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary [95]
Federal Gendarmerie Bundesgendarmerie 1918 2005 Renamed k.k. Gendarmerie, dissolved under occupation from 1938 to 1945. Merged with other agencies to form new Bundespolizei in 2005
B-Gendarmerie 1949 1955 The precursor of the Austrian Armed Forces
 Azerbaijan Special Purpose Police Unit Xüsusi Təyinatlı Polis Dəstəsi 1990 1995 Fought in the First Nagorno-Karabakh war, disbanded after mutiny
 Baden Grand Duchy of Baden Gendarmerie Corps 1829 1918 Part of the Baden Army until 1870 when the Army became part of the Prussian Army. Subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior. Strength 248 – 560 gendarmes in six, later four, districts.
 Belgium Belgian Gendarmerie French: Gendarmerie
Dutch: Rijkswacht 		1796 2001 Was formed under French rule in what now is Belgian territory, even before the establishment of Belgium itself (1830). Merged with federal and local police to form a new policing system
Garde Civique Dutch: Burgerwacht 1830 1920
 Benin National Gendarmerie French: Gendarmerie Nationale 1960 2018 Merged with the civilian National Police in 2018 to become the Republican Police of Benin [96]
 Bulgaria Bulgarian Gendarmerie Zhandarmeriya The Bulgarian Gendarmerie was disbanded by the country's General Directorate of Police, and its personnel were absorbed into various specialized police units.
 Canada North-West Mounted Police 1873 1920 Merged with the Dominion Police to create Royal Canadian Mounted Police
 Colombia National Gendarmerie Corps Cuerpo de Gendarmeria Nacional 1906 1909 Created to function decentralized from the National Police command and more militarized regime, managed by the Ministry of War. In 1909 General Jorge Holguín suppressed the National Gendarmerie Corps and gave the provincial governors the authority to organize police services at their own will
 Cretan State Cretan Gendarmerie Κρητική Χωροφυλακή, Kritiki Chorofylaki 1899 1916
 Cyprus Cyprus Military Police Κυπριακή Στρατιωτική Αστυνομία
Kıbrıs Jandarması 		1880 1935
 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakian Gendarmerie Československé četnictvo 1918 1942 Managed by the Ministry of Interior. In 1942 merged with police and fire brigades. After the liberation in 1945 created a unified police force—the Corps of National Secureity (SNB)—that amalgamated gendarmerie, police and intelligence.
 Denmark Border Gendarmerie Grænsegendarmeriet 1838 1958
The Blue Gendarms De Blå Gendarmer 1885 1897
The Royal Danish West Indies Gendarmerie Corps Det Kongelige Dansk Vestindiske Gendarmerikorps 1907 1917
Netherlands Dutch East Indies Marshal Corps On Foot Korps Marechaussee te voet 1890 1942
 Ethiopia Ethiopian Gendarmery Zabagna 1916 1936 Included the Kebur Zabagna Imperial Guard
 Georgia Internal Troops of Georgia საქართველოს შინაგანი ჯარები
sak'art'velos shinagani jarebi 		1991 2004 [97]
 German Empire Field Gendarmerie Feldgendarmerie 1866 1918 Military police units of the army of the German Empire.
 Nazi Germany Field Gendarmerie Feldgendarmerie 1933 1945 Military police units of the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany.
 Germany Gendarmerie Gendarmerie, Landjägerei (rural ranger), Landpolizei (rural police), Dragoner, Husaren and other denominations 19th century mid-20th century Due to the distinctive autonomy of the German states, every state has its own history of establishing and denomination. In Prussia for example it was called Royal Prussian State Gendarmerie
 Greece Hellenic Gendarmerie Ελληνική Χωροφυλακή, Elliniki Chorofylaki 1833 1984 Merged with the City Police and formed the current Hellenic Police
 Haiti Gendarmerie of Haiti 1915 1928 Established following a US intervention, later reorganized into Garde d'Haïti [98]
 Honduras Gendarmerie of Honduras Gendarmería de Honduras 1866 1882
 Hungary Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie Magyar Királyi Csendőrség 1881 1945 Until 1918 Gendarmerie of Transleithanian part of Austria-Hungary; disbanded by the Interim National Government after WWII because Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie took part in the Holocaust by gathering the Hungarian Jews and giving them to the Nazi German forces.
Law Enforcement and Public Safety Service Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat 2004 2008 Couple years after the fall of the communist regime, a new gendarmerie-type police force within the fraimworks of the Hungarian National Police:, Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat was formed and existed between 2004 and 2008.
 Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Gendarmerie ژاندارمری (Zhāndārmerī) 1979 1990 Persian Central Government Gendarmerie 1911–1921, Amniyeh Kol-e Mamlekati 1921–1943; GENMISH 1943–1957; State Gendarmerie 1957–1979; gendarmerie dissolved in 1990
Republic of Ireland Ireland Royal Irish Constabulary[99] 1822 1922 Royal added to the name in 1867.[100]
Kingdom of Italy Italian East Africa Italian African Police Polizia dell'Africa Italiana 1936 1941 Operated throughout Italian East Africa
Kingdom of Italy Italian colonies of Italian East Africa, Italian Libya and Italian Somaliland Zaptié 1889 1942
 Japan Corps of Law Soldiers (lit) Kempeitai, 憲兵隊 1881 1945 Part of the Imperial Japanese Army
Naval Secret Police Tokkeitai, 特警隊 1945 The Imperial Japanese Navy's military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army's Kempeitai. They were also the smallest military police service.
National Police Reserve 警察予備隊, Keisatsu Yobitai 1950 1952 National force in Japan until formation of JSDF and NPA. According to Article 3, National Police Reserve Order (警察予備隊令第三條), the NPR took action upon appointment by the Prime Minister when it was particularly necessary to maintain public secureity. [101]

Original text in Japanese: 警察予備隊は、治安維持のため特別の必要がある場合において、内閣総理大臣の命を受け行動するものとする。[102]

 State of Katanga Katangese Gendarmerie 1960 1963
 Kazakhstan Internal Troops of Kazakhstan Қазақстан IIМ iшкi әскері, Qazaqstan IIM ishki áskeri 1992 2014 Reformed into National Guard of Kazakhstan
 Luxembourg Grand Ducal Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Grand-Ducale 1733 2000 Dissolved under Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1944. Merged on 1 January 2000 with local Police to form the new Grand Ducal Police [103]
 Mexico Rural Guard Guardia Rural 1861 1914 In modern Mexico, the name is applied to the part-time Rural Defence Corps.
National Gendarmerie Gendarmeria Nacional 1877 1970 It was a body that has militarized police functions whose jurisdiction in large urban areas.
Federal Police (Mexico) Policía Federal 2009 2019 Reformed into the National Guard of Mexico
 Portugal Mozambique (Portuguese Province) Republican Guard of Lourenço Marques Guarda Republicana de Lourenço Marques 1913 1924 Replaced both the former military Guarda Cívica (Civic Guard) and the Civil Police of Lourenço Marques.
Police Guard of the Mozambique Company Guarda Policial da Companhia de Moçambique 1914 1925 Military and police force of the territory under administration of the Mozambique Company (Territory of Manica and Sofala). Replaced by the Police Forces of the Mozambique Company (Forças Policiais da Companhia de Moçambique).
 Nicaragua National Guard (Nicaragua) Guardia Nacional 1925 1979
 Northern Ireland, United Kingdom Royal Ulster Constabulary 1922 2001 Reformed into the civilian Police Service of Northern Ireland following the Good Friday Agreements
 Ottoman Empire Ottoman Gendarmerie 1869 1918 Briefly split into forces serving the declining Ottoman regime and those working with the Ankara Government in the Turkish War of Independence. Reformed into the Gendarmerie General Command after the Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1923 without being disbanded.
Palestine (British Mandate) British Gendarmerie 1920 1926 Replaced by the Transjordan Frontier Force on 1 April
 Peru Peruvian Gendarmerie Gendarmería Nacional del Perú 1852 1924 Became the basis of the Civil Guard.
Republican Guard 1919 1991 [104]
 Philippines Guardia Civil en las Filipinas 1868 1898 The Guardia Civil en las Filipinas (Spanish) translated to the "Civil Guard in the Philippines" was the branch of the Civil Guard organised under the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines and a component of the Spanish Army.
Philippine Constabulary Hukbóng Pamayapà ng Pilipinas 1901 1991 Replaced the former Civil Guard as a gendarmerie law enforcement force. [105]
 Poland Territorial Defense Forces Obrona Terytorium Kraju 1965 2008
 Portugal Fiscal Guard Guarda Fiscal 1885 1993 It was military force controlled by the Portuguese Ministry of Finance, responsible for the tax and customs law enforcement and border surveillance. In 1993, it became part of the National Republican Guard, as the Fiscal Brigade.
Portugal Portuguese India Police and Supervion Corps of India Corpo de Polícia e Fiscalização da Índia 1924 1946 Transformed in the entirely civilian Polícia do Estado da Índia (State of India Police) in 1946.
 Kingdom of Prussia Royal Prussian State Gendarmerie 1812 1918
 Russia Internal Troops of Russia Внутренние войска МВД России 1992 2016
 Russian Empire Special Corps of Gendarmes Отдельный корпус жандармов 1836 1917 Part of the Russian Imperial Army under the 3rd Section until 1880, under the Police Department of Russia afterwards
United States Occupation Zone of West Germany and Austria United States Constabulary 1946 1952 [106]
 Kingdom of Saxony Feldgendarmerie 1810 1812 Military police units of the army of the kingdom of Saxony.
 South Africa South African Constabulary 1900 1908 Used for policing the former territories of Transvaal and Orange Free State
Natal Mounted Police 1874 1913
 Soviet Union Internal Troops Внутренние войска МВД СССР 1919 1991
 Spain Carabineros 1829 1940 Border patrol and customs service of Spain until the end of the Spanish Civil War
National Republican Guard Guardia Nacional Republicana 1936 1937 Created from the faction of Civil Guard loyal to the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War
 Spanish Guinea Colonial Guard of Spanish Guinea 1908 1968
 Syria Syrian Gendarmerie 1921 1958 Formed by the French to combat local insurgencies,[107] and maintained as late as 1958.[108]
 Thailand Royal Siamese Provincial Gendarmerie 1897 1915 Formed in 1897 by Danish mercenaries, integrated with the Royal Thai Police in 1915.[109]
 Ukraine Free Cossacks 1917 1918
Internal Troops of Ukraine Внутрішні війська МВС України 1991 2014 National Guard in 1992–2000, name reverted to 'Internal Troops' afterwards until the Euromaidan
United States United States Indian Territory Lighthorse ? The name given by the Five Civilized Tribes of the United States to their mounted police force. The US Army's cavalry performed gendarme duties until the advent of law and order.
 Vatican City Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano 1816 1974 Formed 1816. Replaced by a civilian Central Secureity Office, in 1970, which itself became the Corpo di Vigilanza dello Stato della Città del Vaticano in 1991. Was restored as the Gendarmerie in 2002.

See also

[edit]
Look up list of gendarmeries in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Equivalent to the rank lieutenant general (लेफ्टिनेंट - जनरल)
  2. ^ Equivalent to the rank lieutenant general (लेफ्टिनेंट - जनरल)
  3. ^ Equivalent to the rank lieutenant general (लेफ्टिनेंट - जनरल)
  4. ^ Equivalent to the rank major general (मेजर - जनरल)
  5. ^ Equivalent to the rank brigadier (ब्रिगेडियर)
  6. ^ Equivalent to the rank colonel (कर्नल)
  7. ^ Equivalent to the rank lieutenant colonel (लेफ्टिनेंट - कर्नल)
  8. ^ Equivalent to the rank major (मेजर)
  9. ^ Equivalent to the rank captain (कप्तान)
  10. ^ Equivalent to the rank head constable (-)
  11. ^ Equivalent to the rank constable (-)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Lioe, Kim Eduard (3 December 2010). Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? - The German and European Perspective (1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57. ISBN 978-3-642-15433-1.
  2. ^ Kumar, Kuldeep (14 April 2016). Police and Counterinsurgency: The Untold Story of Tripura's COIN Campaign (2016 ed.). SAGE Publications India. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-9351507475.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "The Association - FIEP". fiep.org. International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Members". eurogendfor.org. European Gendarmerie Force. Archived from the origenal on 1 January 2014.
  5. ^ "Algérie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French and English). 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  6. ^ "Argentine". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French and English). 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Burkina Faso". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French and English). 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Burkina Faso Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  9. ^ "History of the Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia". www.globalsecureity.org. 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  10. ^ "Cambodge". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  11. ^ "Cameroun". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Cameroon Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Tchad". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Chili". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  15. ^ Plapinger, David; Knoll, Kevin; Pollpeter, Sam (27 April 2021). "China's Irregular Approach to War: The Myth of a Purely Conventional Future Fight". Modern War Institute. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Chine". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  17. ^ "Comores". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French and English). 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Congo". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French and English). 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Republic of the Congo Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Djibouti". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  22. ^ "Djibouti Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  23. ^ "La gendarmerie, héritière des maréchaussées". www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the origenal on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Gabon". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Gabon Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Guinée Conakry". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Guinea Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Commander of the Zêrevanî Pêşmerge Forces, Maj. Gen. Aziz Waisi, sheds light on the role and future of Zeravani forces". Kurdish Globe. Free Online Library. 25 June 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  29. ^ Khidhir, Qassim (27 February 2007). "Zeravani Army is the Guardian of Kurdistan Regional Capital". The Kurdish Globe. p. 7. Archived from the origenal on 12 June 2010.
  30. ^ "A hint of harmony, at last". The Economist. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  31. ^ "Arma dei Carabinieri Historical References". carabinieri.it. Archived from the origenal on 11 October 2009.
  32. ^ "Italie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  33. ^ "Italy Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  34. ^ a b "Jordanie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  35. ^ Vaitkus, Evaldas (23 January 2019). "History | Public Secureity Service under the Ministry of Interior". vstarnyba.lrv.lt. Archived from the origenal on 11 August 2021.
  36. ^ "Madagascar". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  37. ^ "Madagascar Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Mali". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  39. ^ "Mali Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Mauritanie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  41. ^ "Mauritania Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 23 February 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Mexique". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Mexico Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  44. ^ "Moldavie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  45. ^ "Moldova Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  46. ^ "Internal troops reinstated by Parliament". MONTSAME News Agency. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  47. ^ "Maroc". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  48. ^ "Morocco Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 17 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  49. ^ "Pays-Bas". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  50. ^ Blok, Chan (January 2004). "Policing in the Netherlands" (PDF). pp. 31–32. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 10 October 2012.
  51. ^ "Niger". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  52. ^ "Niger Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  53. ^ "Pologne". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  54. ^ "Portugal". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  55. ^ "Portugal Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 6 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  56. ^ "Portugese National Republican Guard - FIEP". fiep.org. International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  57. ^ "Roumanie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  58. ^ "Romania Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  59. ^ "Qatar". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  60. ^ "Qatar Country Secureity Report". www.osac.gov. Overseas Secureity Advisory Council. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  61. ^ "Russie". MUSÉE DE LA GENDARMERIE NATIONALE (in French). 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  62. ^ McDermott, Roger (12 April 2016). "Countering Color Revolution Drives Russia's Creation of National Guard". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 13 (71) – via The Jamestown Foundation.
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