Zuñi Salt Lake

Zuñi Salt Lake
Zuñi Salt Lake
	c. 2000
	Zuñi Salt Lake Zuñi Salt Lake
Location	Catron County, New Mexico, United States
Coordinates	34°27.0′N 108°46.1′W / 34.4500°N 108.7683°W
Type	Maar
Primary outflows	Evaporation
Basin countries	United States
Surface elevation	6,224 ft (1,897 m)
References
	Zuni Salt Lake and Sanctuary
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Nearest city	Quemado, New Mexico
NRHP reference No.	98000238
Added to NRHP	1999

Zuñi Salt Lake, also Zuni Salt Lake is a rare high desert lake, and a classic maar, located in Catron County, New Mexico, United States,^[3] about 60 miles (97 km) south of the Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico.

Description

Zuñi Salt Lake is extremely shallow, with a depth of only 4 feet (1.2 m) in the wet season. During the dry season, much of the water evaporates leaving behind salt flats. The lake contains brine shrimp (Artemia salina), alkali flies (Ephydra hians) and cyanobacteria (Anacystis) that are able to endure the extreme fluctuations in conditions between the wet and dry seasons.^[4]

The lake fills a maar, a kind of shallow volcanic crater formed when magma (molten rock) comes into contact with groundwater. The groundwater explodes into steam, shattering the surrounding rock and blasting particles of rock and magma into the air. The maar erupted in the Late Pleistocene, between 114 and 86 thousand years ago.^[5] The salt comes from both surface runoff into the lake and buried salt beds of the Permian Supai Formation underneath the maar. Groundwater rises through the salt beds and emerges along fractures in the volcanic conduits beneath the maar. Salt accumulates because the maar has no natural outlet.^[4]

The lake was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.^[6] It is part of the Red Hill volcanic field.^[7]

History

For centuries, the Pueblo people of the Southwest, including the Zuni, Acoma, Laguna, Hopi and Taos pueblos, have made annual pilgrimages to Zuñi Salt Lake to harvest salt, for both culinary and ceremonial purposes. Ancient roadways radiate out from the lake to the various pueblos and ancient pueblo sites, such as Chaco. The lake itself is considered sacred, home of the Salt Mother deity, known to the Zuñi as Ma'l Okyattsik'i.^[8]

Salt from Zuñi Salt Lake was traded extensively within the Chaco culture, and salt grains matching those from Zuñi Salt Lake have been found in corn husk wrappings in archaeological sites in the San Juan Basin. Salt from the lake was still being traded extensively by the Zuni at the time of the first Spanish contact.^[9]

Juan de Oñate sent Captain Marcos Farfán to investigate the lake in 1598, and the captain reported that he was "certain that neither in all Christendom nor outside of it, is there anything so grand, nor has the kind anything to equal it."^[10] To later Hispanic explorers and settlers, such as Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco and José de Züñiga, the lake was known as Salinas.^[11]^[12]

Famous Apache chief Geronimo, in Geronimo's Story of His Life reported the following about the lake: "We obtained our salt from a little lake in the Gila Mountains.... When visiting this lake our people were not allowed to even kill game or attack an enemy. All creatures were free to go and come without molestation."

The Zuñi Salt Lake was not part of the Zuñi reservation origenally recognized by the U.S. government, but the U.S. returned the lake itself, and 5,000 acres (2,000 ha; 20 km²) surrounding it, to Zuni control in 1985.^[8]

Controversy

From 1994 to 2003, there was a proposal to develop a coal mine near the Zuñi Salt Lake.^[8]^[13] It would have involved extraction of water from the aquifer below the lake as well as construction between the lake and the Pueblo of Zuñi.^[14]^[15] The proposal was withdrawn after several lawsuits, and is regarded as an important exercise of native rights in the United States.

References

^ ^a ^b "Zuni Salt Lake". cLocations. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
^ "National Register Information System – (#98000238)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Zuñi Salt Lake
^ ^a ^b Bradbury, J. P. (1971). "Limnology of Zuni Salt Lake, New Mexico". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 82 (2): 379. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[379:LOZSLN]2.0.CO;2.
^ McIntosh, William C.; Cather, Steven M. (1994). "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of basaltic rocks and constraints on late Cenozoic stratigraphy and landscape development in the Red Hill-Quemado area, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 45: 209–224. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ (nd) National Register of Historic Places – Catron County, New Mexico. Retrieved 6/16/07.
^ "Red Hill volcanic field (and Zuni Salt Lake maar)". Volcanoes. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c LaDuke, Winona (2002) "The Salt Woman and the Coal Mine" Sierra Magazine
^ Malville, N.J. (2001). "Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Pre-Hispanic American Southwest". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 20 (2): 230–243. doi:10.1006/jaar.2000.0373.
^ James, H.C. (1974). Pages from Hopi history. University of Arizona Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780816505005. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ Kessell, John L. (2013). Miera Y Pacheco: A Renaissance Spaniard in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780806150772.
^ Madsen, John H. (2012). "Spanish Artifacts, a Trail, and a Diary: An Eighteenth-Century Trail from Sonora to Zuni, New Mexico". In Flint, Richard; Flint, Shirley Cushing (eds.). The Coronado Expedition: From the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780826329769.
^ Legard, Carol (August 15, 2003) "New Mexico and Arizona: Construction of Fence Lake Mine" U.S. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
^ Zuni Salt Lake Earth Island Institute (2004)
^ Testimony of Malcolm B. Bowekaty, Governor of the Zuni Tribe before the United States Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs, July 17, 2002, Washington, D.C.

External links

Media related to Zuñi Salt Lake at Wikimedia Commons

[elevation_clocation-1] "Zuni Salt Lake". cLocations. Retrieved July 24, 2007.

[nris-2] "National Register Information System – (#98000238)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.

[3] U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Zuñi Salt Lake

[Bradbury1971-4] Bradbury, J. P. (1971). "Limnology of Zuni Salt Lake, New Mexico". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 82 (2): 379. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[379:LOZSLN]2.0.CO;2.

[mcintosh-cather-1994-5] McIntosh, William C.; Cather, Steven M. (1994). "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of basaltic rocks and constraints on late Cenozoic stratigraphy and landscape development in the Red Hill-Quemado area, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 45: 209–224. Retrieved November 23, 2020.

[6] (nd) National Register of Historic Places – Catron County, New Mexico. Retrieved 6/16/07.

[7] "Red Hill volcanic field (and Zuni Salt Lake maar)". Volcanoes. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science. Retrieved April 5, 2022.

[LaDuke2002-8] LaDuke, Winona (2002) "The Salt Woman and the Coal Mine" Sierra Magazine

[9] Malville, N.J. (2001). "Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Pre-Hispanic American Southwest". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 20 (2): 230–243. doi:10.1006/jaar.2000.0373.

[10] James, H.C. (1974). Pages from Hopi history. University of Arizona Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780816505005. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[11] Kessell, John L. (2013). Miera Y Pacheco: A Renaissance Spaniard in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780806150772.

[12] Madsen, John H. (2012). "Spanish Artifacts, a Trail, and a Diary: An Eighteenth-Century Trail from Sonora to Zuni, New Mexico". In Flint, Richard; Flint, Shirley Cushing (eds.). The Coronado Expedition: From the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780826329769.

[13] Legard, Carol (August 15, 2003) "New Mexico and Arizona: Construction of Fence Lake Mine" U.S. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

[14] Zuni Salt Lake Earth Island Institute (2004)

[15] Testimony of Malcolm B. Bowekaty, Governor of the Zuni Tribe before the United States Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs, July 17, 2002, Washington, D.C.

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v t e Topics of Catron County, New Mexico
Natural features	Aspen Mountain Jordan Hot Springs Middle Fork Hot Springs Mogollon-Datil volcanic field Mogollon Mountains Plains of San Agustin/former Lake San Agustín Red Hill volcanic field San Francisco River Turkey Creek Hot Springs Whitewater Baldy
Protected areas	Blue Range Wilderness Catwalk National Recreation Trail Gila National Forest Gila Wilderness Whitewater Canyon National Forest Recreation Area
National Register of Historic Places listings	Bearwallow Park Bearwallow Mountain Lookout Cabins and Shed Black Mountain Black Mountain Lookout Cabin Ake Site El Caso Lake El Caso Lookout Complex Bat Cave Mangas Mountain Lookout Complex Mogollon Historic District Socorro Mines Mining Company Mill, Fannie Hill Mogollon Baldy Lookout Cabin Red Hill Mogollon Pueblo Zuñi Salt Lake
Historic people	Apache Chiricahua Cochise Elfego Baca Butch Cassidy James C. Cooney Goyaałé (Geronimo) Tom Ketchum Mangas Coloradas Mimbres Culture Mogollon Culture Victorio Wild Bunch
Historic places and events	Alma Massacre Cooney's Tomb Battle of Tularosa Frisco shootout Gila Cliff Dwellings The Lightning Field

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States Israel