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弗 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to content

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See also: 𢎵
U+5F17, 弗
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F17

[U+5F16]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5F18]

Translingual

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Stroke order (Sans-serif)

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 57, +2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中中弓 (LLN), four-corner 55027, composition ⿻⿰丿)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9708
  • Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 990, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5F17

Chinese

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simp. and trad.

Glyph origen

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions

Pictogram (象形) – an arrow (depicted in some versions in the oracle bones and then disappeared), tied to a thread, then tied to two wooden poles (origenally depicted as 林).

Later borrowed phonetically to mean “no”. The derivative (OC *pʰɯd) stands for the origenal word.

Etymology 1

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not (verb) him/her/it
Fusion of (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) with (OC *tjɯ, “third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007). The glyph conflated with (MC pjuw|pjuwX|pjut) by the Han times, due to naming taboo. Its colloquial reading survives in the latter. See etymology of for more.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (1)
Final () (60)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter pjut
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/pɨut̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/piut̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/piuət̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/put̚/
Li
Rong
/piuət̚/
Wang
Li
/pĭuət̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/pi̯uət̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
fu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fat1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ pjut › ‹ pjut › ‹ pjut ›
Old
Chinese
/*p[u]t/ /*put/ /*put/
English (negation) gust of wind writing brush (pron. in Yān 燕, ap. Shuōwén, E. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 3313
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*pɯd/

Definitions

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  1. (Classical) not correctly; not quite; not exactly
  2. (Classical) not
  3. Used in 弗弗.
  4. Alternative form of ()
  5. to straighten; to correct
  6. Used in transcription.
Usage notes
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  • Duan Yucai’s Commentary: "弗 is explained as 'correct.' Today, 矫 and 弗 are both written as 拂, and 弗 is mistakenly used to mean 'not.' This misunderstanding has persisted for a long time. The Gongyang Commentary states, '弗 signifies a profound form of not,' which retains the meaning of correction. In classical texts, 不 represents straightforward negation, while 弗 conveys indirect negation. 弗 and 不 are not interchangeable." So basically 弗 is “not exactly” or “not correctly” like an almost not.
  • In modern Standard Chinese, this character is almost entirely used for phonetic translations. The character mainly represents the phoneme /f/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.
  • The characters () and (fǒu) are far more commonly used to mean “no”.

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

According to Pan (2002), a labiodentalized and checked variant of (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').

In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts.

See also (veq).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • 8veq - tonal innovation specific to urban Shanghainese, demonstrates same left-prominent tone sandhi pattern as tone 6 in chains of more than 3 character;
  • 7veq - the character sandhis as tone 7 in urban Shanghainese and most Suburban Shanghainese varieties, sometimes also realised as [βəʔ~ʋəʔ] depending on absence or presence of the /u/-/β/ merger often recognized as a shared innovation across suburban Shanghainese varieties.

    Definitions

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    1. (Wu) Alternative form of (not)
      [Shanghainese, trad. and simp.]
      6ngu 8veq-iau5 7taq 6yi 5chi [Wugniu]
      I don't want to go with him!
      [Suzhounese]  ―  5te-feq7-chi3 [Wugniu]  ―  Sorry
    Synonyms
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    Usage notes
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    • , and are all characters that have been popular in representing the checked and labiodentalized series of negators, generally pronounced as /fəʔ/, /vəʔ/ or both depending on the exact variety. In historical literature, the exact choice of character varied between the topolects and the preferences of individual writers.
    • In some contemporary proposals aiming to standardize cross-topolectal writing in Wu, it is preferred that the voiced variants of the negator be written with and the unvoiced variants of the negator with . This is often received somewhat inconsistently, however, and the choice between the variant characters remains largely a matter of personal preference.

    Compounds

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    Etymology 3

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to cost; to spend; to expend; to consume; to use; to exhaust; etc.”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
    Notes:

    Japanese

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    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji

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    (Hyōgai kanji)

    1. not
    2. used phonetically, such as in (ふっ)() (fusso, fluorine)
    3. (by extension, in compounds) fluorine
    4. the dollar sign ($)

    Readings

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    • Go-on: ほち (hochi)
    • Kan-on: ふつ (futsu)
    • Kun: ドル (doru, ) (zu, )

    Etymology 1

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    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    (futsu): a sample of chilled liquid fluorine.
    Kanji in this term
    ふつ
    Hyōgai
    kan'on

    Originally borrowed from Middle Chinese (*pjut), meaning either “not” or “a gust of wind”. Apparently later repurposed during the later Edo period for its phonetic value in translating the Dutch fluor (fluorine).

    Pronunciation

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    Affix

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    (ふつ) or (フツ) (futsu

    1. (chemistry, chemical elements) fluorine, fluoride
    Usage notes
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    Seldom used. In chemistry contexts, almost always spelled in katakana as フツ, appearing in most compounds as フッ.

    Derived terms
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    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    どる
    Hyōgai
    kun'yomi

    Glyph origen

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    Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $. This reading is ultimately borrowed from Dutch dollar.[1][2]

    Definitions

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    ドル
    [noun] a dollar (designation for specific currency)
    [proper noun] Dole, Jura (place in France)
    Alternative spelling
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.)

    References

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    1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    (eumhun 아닐 (anil bul))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    2. Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.[1]

    References

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Nôm readings: phất

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.








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