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Illuminismus

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Immanuel Kantius, lumen illuminismi, commentatione Was ist Aufklärung ('quae sit illuminatio') inscripta verbum Theodiscum illuminismi creavit.

Illuminismus[1] fuit motus philosophicus, culturalis et scientificus saeculi XVIII inter homines eruditos variis in terris Europaeis et coloniis earum ortus, quo ratione adhibita societas reformaretur, scientificorum commercium audiendi loquendique augeretur, superstitio intolerantiaque repellerentur, pleraque in civitate ecclesiaque pessimi exempli corrigentur. Aetas, de qua hic loquemur, etiam saeculum eruditum appellatur.[2]

A philosophis ut Spinoza, Lockio, Bayle, Newtono et Voltario impulsus tota Europa, sed imprimis in Francia diffusus est. Etsi soli nobiles ac civium delecti hac nova philosophia imbuti erant, tamen plurimum apud dominantes potuerunt, imprimis in Anglia et Francia, sed etiam in Germania et Italia. Paucissimi quidem, nempe quidam eruditi et magistratus familiis nobilibus oriundi, in Hispania et Russia huius motus participes fuerunt.

Elementa praecipua illuminismi sunt haec:

Multi propugnatores illuminismi res futuras praeteritis meliores fore firmiter credebant. Difficultates societatis ratione adhibita gradatim solutum iri iis persuasum erat. Contra circiter ab anno 1750 quidam assectatores (ut puta Voltarius et Diderotus) hanc opinionem satirice vellicabant. Omnes illuminatores a foro publico illuminationem propagari confidenter sperabant.

Spatium huius aevi varie definitur. Summum fastigium inter annos 1750 - 1780 poni solet.

Origo nominis

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Notio linguae Francicae, qua huius aevi appellatio primum exstitit, est Siècle des Lumières (saeculum luminum). Primum anno 1733 apud Ioanne-Baptista Dubos invenitur. Ioannes-Iacobus Rousseau et Ioannes Baptista Le Rond d'Alembert verbum occupaverunt. Lumina metaphorice pro hominibus posita sunt, qui mundum illuminent. Aliae linguae potius actionem illuminationis enuntiant (ut puta Anglice Enlightenment, Theodisce Aufklärung, Neograece Διαφωτισμός).

"Lumina" sive "illuminatio" Medii Aevi tenebris, quae perhibebantur, opposita sunt. Medium Aevum religione ac superstitione repletum cum antiquitate comparatum regressus habitum est. Novum Aevum tenebras mediaevales lumine cognitionis dispergeret. Notio luminis forsitan ab antiquis deprompta est: De lumine cogntionis iam in philosophia Graeca actum est, tum in Bibliis et in Gnosticismo. Cum notione etiam studium clare et distincte loquendi coniunctum est (ut puta apud Cartesium vel Leibnitium), quo veritas appareat.

Aliter ac Humanismus sive Renascentia litterarum, quae litteras scientiasque antiquas restitutere voluerunt, ut Medium Aevum superaretur, Illuminatores inter annos 1680-1720, quibus "querela de antiquis ac modernis" ("Querelle des Anciens et de Modernes") habita est, disputaverunt, num cultura Aevi Novi nedum Medium Aevum sed etiam antiquitatem superaret. Annis vertentibus persuasio crescebat traditionem ac auctoritates temporum praeteritorum dimittendas esse.

Propugnatores illuminismi

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Voltarius septuagenarius.
Beniaminus Franklinius persona maioris momenti in Illuminatione Americana fuit.
  • Eduardus Gibbon (1737–1794) Anglicus. Historicus notissimus ob opus Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
  • Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius (1749–1832) Germanus. Scriptor, poëta, humanista, philosophus, polymathes arte coniunctus cum Illuminationis consillis, caput Classicismi Vimariensis, qui dicitur.
  • Olympia de Gouges (1748–1793) Francica. Scriptrix fabularum scaenicarum, quae strenue contendit, ut feminis iura civilia ac servis libertas darentur.
  • Alexander Hamiltonius (1755–1804) Americanus. Rerum oeconomicarum ac politicarum peritus. Unus e propugnatoribus constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum, qui plus quam alii in Federalist Papers scripsit ad hunc finem, ut constitutio non nisi post subtiles de structura eius ac ethicis fundamentis deliberationes ratum esse inciperet.
  • Franciscus Iosephus Haydn (1732–1809) Austriacus. Compositor, qui formam symphonicam commutavit promovitque.
  • Claudius Hadrianus Helvetius (1715–1771) Francicus. Philosophus, qui ad scholam materialismi et encyclopedicorum pertinebat.
  • Ioannes Gottfriedus Herder (1744–1803) Germanus. Theologus, linguista, interpres.
  • Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) Anglicus. Philosophus, qui librum Leviathan intitulatum conscripsit, quod philosophiae rerum politicarum opus maximi momenti est. Monarchia, cuius potestatem absolutam Hobbes iustificat, primo non a Dei gratia, sed a voluntate civium deducitur, qui sua sponte ipsorum potestatem libertatemque monarchae mandaverant. Hoc modo pactum sociale vicem divini regum iuris explet.
  • Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789) Germano-Francicus. Scriptor, encyclopaedista et primus in Europa, qui se atheistam esse professus est. Libro suo "Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral" (Systema naturae sive de legibus mundi physici moralisque), quo omnis religionis censuram egit, magnam controversiam movit.
  • Henricus Home Kames (1696–1782) Scotus. Iurisperitus et philosophus. Patronus Adami Smith et Davidis Hume.
  • Robertus Hooke (1635–1703) Anglicus, Curator Experimentorum Societatis Regiae. Primus habetur inter eos, qui tum experimenta scientifica fecerunt. Lex Hooke, quam anno 1660 forma annagrammatis publicavit, ab eo nomen trahit, primus cognovit plantas cellulis constare.
  • David Hume (1711–1776) Scotus. Historicus, philosophus, rerum oeconomicarum peritus. Scepticus et empirista, auctoritatem habuit apud Kant et Adam Smith.
Antonius Laurentius Lavoisier pater chemiae habetur.
Ioannes Lockius, pater liberalismi classici.
Isaacus Newtonus
  • Nicolaus Novikov (1744–1818) Russicus. Philanthropista et diurnarius, qui cultum ac humanitatem in Russia augere voluit. Etiam cum imperatrice publice disputavit.
  • Zacharias Orfelin (1726–1785) Serbicus. Polymathes et poeta, scriptor, historicus, interpres, editor etc.
  • Dositej Obradović (1739–1811) Serbicus. Scriptor, linguista et propugnator nationis culturaeque Serbicae.
  • Thomas Paine (1737–1809) Anglus / Americanus. Rerum politicarum peritus, unus ex Conditoribus Civitatum Foederatarum, notissimus ob scriptum "Common Sense" (1776), quo libertatem Americanam ut solutionem maxime rationalem poposcit.
  • Gulielmus Paley (1743–1805) Anglus. Theologus, qui religionem ratione explanare operam dedit.
  • Sebastianus Ioseph de Pombal (1699–1782) Lusitanicus. Rerum politicarum peritus, qui Olisiponem anno 1755 terrae motu deletam celeriter ac competenter denuo aedificavit. Etiam res oeconomicas ita instruxit, ut commercia alerentur et rerum bonitas per totam Portugalliam aequa praestaretur.
  • Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski (1732–98) Polonus. Ultimus liberae Poloniae rex, propugnator Illuminationis in regno Polonico-Lithuano et unus Constitutionis 3 Maii (1791) auctorum.
  • Franciscus Quesnay (1694–1774) Francicus. Rerum oeconomicarum peritus scholae Physiocraticae.
  • Alexander Radiščev (1749–1802) Russicus. Scriptor et philosophus. Habitum "radicalem" in litteras Russicas introduxit.
  • Thomas Reid (1710–1796) Scotus. Philosophus, qui " Scottish School of Common Sense" (Latine "Schola Scotica Sensus Communis" vertitur) condidit.
  • Ioannes-Iacobus Rousseau (1712–1778) Helveticus. Rerum politicarum philosophus; etsi animos multorum, qui ad motum Illuminationis pertinent, commonuit, tamen ipse in primatum rationis non credidit; magis ad romanticismum pertinet.
  • Adamus Smith (1723–1790) Scotus. Studiosus oeconomiae ac philosophus. Multi eum patrem vel inventorem oeconomicorum hodiernorum habent. Litterae eius notissimae "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (Latine "Inquisitio de natura et causis divitiarum civitatum" sonat) intitulatae sunt.
  • Benedictus de Spinoza (1632–1677) Batavus. Philosophus, qui antecessor Illuminationis factus est.
  • Alexander Sumarokov (1717–1777) Russicus. Poeta et scriptor scaenicus, qui theatrum classicum in Russia condidit.
  • Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) Suecius. Philosophus rerum naturalium, theologus, mathematicus, mysticus.
  • Anna Robertus Iacobus Turgot (1727-1781) Francicus. Oeconomicus, vir publicus, minister aerarii Ludovico XVI rege.
  • Voltaire (Franciscus Maria Arouet) (1694–1778) Francicus. Philosophus, scriptor notissimus, historicus. Doctrinas Newtonianas promovit et religionem ut perniciosam damnavit.
  • Adam Weishaupt (1748–1830) Germanus. Conditor ordinis Illuminatorum.
  • Christianus Wolffius (1679–1754) Germanus. Philosophus.
  • Maria Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) Scriptrix Britannica, propugnatrix iurum feminarum.

Opera eximia illuminismi circa annum 1750

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Temore circa annum 1750 magnus numerus librorum editus est, qui Illuminationi propagandae maximi momenti erant:

Bibliographia Anglica

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Litterae prospectui aptae

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  • Becker, Carl L. The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers. (1932)
  • Bronner, Stephen. The Great Divide: The Enlightenment and its Critics.
  • Burns, William. Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopædia. (2003)
  • Chisick, Harvey. Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. (2005)
  • Delon, Michel. Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment. (2001)
  • Dupre, Louis. The Enlightenment & the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture. (2004)
  • Gay, Peter. The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism. (1966, 2. ed. 1995)
  • Greensides F, Hyland P, Gomez O, eds. The Enlightenment. (2002)
  • Fitzpatrick, Martin et al., eds. The Enlightenment World. (2004). - in interrete[nexus deficit]
  • Hazard, Paul. European thought in the 18th century: From Montesquieu to Lessing. (1965)
  • Humphreys, Kenneth. Jesus never existed: Welcome to the enlightenment. (2005)
  • Himmelfarb, Gertrude. The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments. (2004)
  • Israel, Jonathan. Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750-1790. (2011)
  • Jacob, Margaret. Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents. (2000)
  • Kors, Alan Charles. Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment (1990; 2. ed. 2003) - [www.oxfordreference.com in interrete]
  • Munck, Thomas. Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History, 1721–1794 England. (1994)
  • Outram, Dorinda. The Enlightenment.(1995)
  • Outram, Dorinda. Panorama of the Enlightenment. (2006)
  • Porter, Roy, The Enlightenment (2nd ed. 2001)
  • Reill, Peter Hanns, et Wilson, Ellen Judy. Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment. (2. ed. 2004).
  • Yolton, John W. et al. The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment. (1992).

Studia ad res singulares pertinentia

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  • Aldridge, A. Owen (ed.). The Ibero-American Enlightenment. (1971)
  • Andrew, Donna T. "Popular Culture and Public Debate: London 1780". The Historical Journal 39, no. 2. (mense Iunio 1996), p. 405–23. In JSTOR
  • Brewer, Daniel. The Enlightenment Past: reconstructing 18th-century French thought. (2008)
  • Broadie, Alexander. The Scottish Enlightenment: The Historical Age of the Historical Nation. (2007)
  • Broadie, Alexander. The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. (2003)
  • Bronner, Stephen. Interpreting the Enlightenment: Metaphysics, Critique, and Politics. (2004)
  • Brown, Stuart (ed.). British Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment. (2002)
  • Buchan, James. Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind. (2004)
  • Campbell, R.S. et Skinner, A.S. (eds.). The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment. (1982)
  • Cassirer, Ernst. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. (1955)
  • Chartier, Roger. The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. (Versio Anglica, 1991).
  • Cowan, Brian. The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse. (2005)
  • Darnton, Robert. The Literary Underground of the Old Regime. (1982).
  • Edelstein, Dan. The Enlightenment: A Genealogy. (2010)
  • Golinski, Jan. "Science in the Enlightenment, Revisited." History of Science (2011) 49, no. 2, p 217-31.
  • Goodman, Dena. The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment. (1994)
  • Hesse, Carla. The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern. (2001)
  • Hankins, Thomas L. Science and the Enlightenment. (1985)
  • Israel, Jonathan I. Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752. (2008)
  • Israel, Jonathan. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750. (2001)
  • Israel, Jonathan. A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy. (2009)
  • May, Henry F. The Enlightenment in America. (1976)
  • Melton, James Van Horn. The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. (2001)
  • Porter, Roy. The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment. (2000).
  • Redkop, Benjamin. The Enlightenment and Community. (1999)
  • Reid-Maroney, Nina. Philadelphia's Enlightenment, 1740–1800: Kingdom of Christ, Empire of Reason. (2001)
  • Roche, Daniel. France in the Enlightenment. (1998).
  • Sorkin, David. The Religious Enlightenment: Protestants, Jews, and Catholics from London to Vienna. (2008)
  • Staloff, Darren. Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding. (2005)
  • Till, Nicholas. Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue, and Beauty in Mozart's Operas. (1993).
  • Tunstall, Kate E. Blindness and Enlightenment. An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind. Continuum, 2011.
  • Venturi, Franco. Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment. George Macaulay Trevelyan Lecture. (1971)
  • Enzo Cocco. La melamconia nell’età de Lumi. (2012)

Fontes primarii

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  • Broadie, Alexander (ed.). The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology. (2001)
  • Diderot, Denis. Rameau's Nephew and First Satire. (2008).
  • Diderot, Denis. "Letter on the Blind" in: Tunstall, Kate E. Blindness and Enlightenment: An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind. Continuum, 2011.
  • Diderot, Denis. The Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert. (1969)
  • Gomez, Olga et al. eds. The Enlightenment: A Sourcebook and Reader. (2001)
  • Kramnick, Issac (ed.). The Portable Enlightenment Reader. (1995)

Bibliographia Theodisca selecta

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Litterae prospectui aptae

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  • Störig, Hans Joachim: Weltgeschichte der Philosophie. (1950) = Kleine Weltgeschichte der Philosophie (ed. 17. revisa ac amplificata), Stutgardiae 1999, ISBN 3-17-016070-2
  • Schneiders, Werner: Das Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Monaci 1997, ed. 2. 2001, ISBN 3-406-44796-1
  • Bahr, Ehrhard (ed.): Was ist Aufklärung? Thesen und Definitionen. Stutgardiae 2008, ISBN 978-3-15-009714-4
  • Meyer, Annette: Die Epoche der Aufklärung. Berolini 2010, ISBN 978-3-05-004443-9

Studia ad res singulares pertinentia

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Ordine chronologico
  • Blumauer, Aloys: Beobachtungen über Oesterreichs Aufklärung und Litteratur, Vindobonae 1782
  • Cassirer, Ernst: Die Philosophie der Aufklärung. (1932), Hamburgi 1998, ISBN 3-7873-1362-1
  • Krauss, Werner: Studien zur deutschen und französischen Aufklärung. Berolini 1963
  • Schneiders, Werner: Die wahre Aufklärung. Zum Selbstverständnis der Deutschen Aufklärung. Friburgi / Monaci 1974, ISBN 3-495-47280-0
  • Schröder, Winfried (ed.): Französische Aufklärung. Bürgerliche Emanzipation, Literatur und Bewußtseinsbildung. Lipsiae 1979.
  • Krauss, Werner: Zur Anthropologie des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Frühgeschichte der Menschheit im Blickpunkt der Aufklärung. Berolini et al. 1978.
  • Stenzel, Jürgen (ed.): Das Zeitalter der Aufklärung (Deutsche Schriftsteller im Porträt, Vol. 2), Monaci 1980, ISBN 3-406-06020-X
  • Schmidt, Jochen (ed.): Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Darmstadiae 1989. ISBN 3-534-10251-7
  • Martens, Wolfgang (ed.): Leipzig: Aufklärung und Bürgerlichkeit (Wolfenbütteler Studien zur Aufklärung 17). Heidelbergae 1990.
  • Ariès, Philippe / Duby, Georges / Chartier, Roger (ed.): Geschichte des privaten Lebens. Vol. 3: Von der Renaissance zur Aufklärung (1986), (Theodisce Francofurti 1991).
  • Pütz, Peter: Die deutsche Aufklärung. Darmstadiae 1991, ISBN 3-534-06092-X
  • Reinalter, Helmut (ed.): Die Aufklärung in Österreich. Ignaz von Born und seine Zeit. Francofurti 1991, ISBN 3-631-43379-4 (Demokratische Bewegungen in Mitteleuropa 1770–1850, 4)
  • Jüttner, Siegfried / Schlobach, Jochen (ed.): Europäische Aufklärung. Einheit und nationale Vielfalt. Hamburgi 1992, ISBN 978-3-7873-1079-1 (Studien zum 18. Jahrhundert, 14)
  • Wagner, Fritz: Europa im Zeitalter des Absolutismus und der Aufklärung; Handbuch der europäischen Geschichte, 4; Stuttgardiae 1968, ISBN 978-3-12-907560-9
  • Stolberg-Rillinger, Barbara: Europa im Jahrhundert der Aufklärung. Stutgardiae 2000, ISBN 3-15-017025-7
  • Schneiders, Werner (ed.): Lexikon der Aufklärung: Deutschland und Europa. Monaci 1995, ISBN 3-406-47571-X).
  • Kelleter, Frank: Amerikanische Aufklärung. Sprachen der Rationalität im Zeitalter der Revolution. Paderbronnae 2002, ISBN 3-506-74416-X
  • Müller, Winfried: Die Aufklärung (= Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte, vol. 61). Monaci 2002, ISBN 978-3-486-55764-0.
  • Kondylis, Panajotis: Die Aufklärung im Rahmen des neuzeitlichen Rationalismus. Hamburgi 2002, ISBN 3-7873-1613-2
  • Enskat, Rainer: Bedingungen der Aufklärung. Philosophische Untersuchungen zu einer Aufgabe der Urteilskraft, Velbrück Wissenschaft 2008, ISBN 978-3-938808-06-1
  • Hardtwig, Wolfgang (ed.): Die Aufklärung und ihre Weltwirkung (= Geschichte und Gesellschaft, suppl. 23). Gottingae 2010.
  • Blom, Philipp: Böse Philosophen. Ein Salon in Paris und das vergessene Erbe der Aufklärung. Monaci 2011, ISBN 9783446236486.

Notae

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  1. ↑ De Clementis XIV pontificatu; Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009 [s.v. upplysningen].
  2. ↑ Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum. WSOY, 2001 [s.v. valistusaika]; Davidis Morgan et Patricii Oeni Neo-Latin Lexicon (2018)

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

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Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Aevum Illuminationis. spectant.


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