Baalbek

Baalbek بَعْلَبَكّcode: ar is deprecated
Bandar
Baalbek Lokasi di Lubnan
Koordinat: 34°0′22.81″N 36°12′26.36″E
Negara	Lubnan
Kegabenoran	Baalbek-Hermel
Daerah	Baalbek
Pentadbiran
• Datuk bandar	Bachir Khodr
Keluasan
• Bandar	7 km2 (3 batu persegi)
• Metro	16 km2 (6 batu persegi)
Aras	1,170 m (3,840 ft)
Penduduk
• Bandar	82,608
• Metro	105,000
Zon waktu	UTC+2 (EET)
• Musim panas (DST)	+3
Baalbek
Nama asli	بعلبك
Nama rasmi	بعلبك
Inskripsi	1984 (sesi ke-8)
sunting · sunting di Wikidata Lihat pendokumenan templat ini

Baalbek (/ˈbɑːlbɛk, ˈbeɪəlbɛk/; Arab: بَعْلَبَكّ, rumi: Baʿlabakkcode: ar is deprecated ; Syriac-Aramaic: ܒܥܠܒܟ) merupakan sebuah bandar yang terletak di timur Sungai Litani di Lembah Beqaa di Lubnan, kira-kira 67 km (42 bt) timur laut Beirut. Ia adalah ibu kota Kegabenoran Baalbek-Hermel. Pada tahun 1998, Baalbek mempunyai populasi 82,608, kebanyakannya Muslim Syiah, diikuti oleh Muslim Sunni dan Kristian. Pekan ini terkenal dengan tapak bersejarah dan tarikan pelancong, termasuk beberapa kuil Rom purba, Masjid Besar dari zaman Umayyah, dan tapak kuari Rom bernama Hajar al-Hibla.

Baalbek mempunyai sejarah yang bermula sekurang-kurangnya 11,000 tahun, merangkumi zaman penting seperti zaman Prasejarah, Kanaan, Helenistik dan Rom. Selepas Alexander the Great menakluki kota itu pada 334 SM, dia menamakannya Heliopolis (Ἡλιούπολιςcode: grc is deprecated , bahasa Yunani untuk "Kota Matahari"). Kota ini berkembang pesat di bawah pemerintahan Rom. Walau bagaimanapun, ia mengalami transformasi semasa zaman Kristianisasi dan kebangkitan Islam seterusnya selepas penaklukan Arab pada abad ke-7. Dalam tempoh kemudian, bandar itu telah dirampas oleh orang Mongol dan menghadapi beberapa siri gempa bumi, mengakibatkan penurunan kepentingan semasa zaman Uthmaniyyah dan moden. Bandar ini terkenal dengan runtuhan kompleks kuil Baalbek dari zaman Rom, menempatkan dua kuil Rom terbesar dan terhebat: Kuil Bacchus dan Kuil Musytari. Ia telah ditulis pada tahun 1984 sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO.

Dalam era moden, Baalbek adalah sebuah bandar yang agak kecil yang menikmati kelebihan ekonomi sebagai destinasi pelancongan yang dicari. Walau bagaimanapun, sektor pelancongan telah menghadapi cabaran akibat konflik di Lubnan, terutamanya perang saudara 1975–1990, dan perang saudara Syria yang berterusan sejak 2011. Hari ini, bandar itu adalah kubu kuat pertubuhan militan Hizbullah.

Bandar berkembar

Baalbek berkembar dengan:

• Bari, Itali
• L'Aquila, Itali
• Thrake, Yunani
• Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Pautan luar

• Google Maps satellite view
• Panoramas of the temples at Lebanon 360 and Discover Lebanon
• Archaeological research in Baalbek from the German Archaeological Institute
• GCatholic – Latin titular see
• Baalbeck International Festival
• Baalbek Railway Station (2006) at Al Mashriq
• Hussey, J.M., penyunting (1966). The Byzantine Empire. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Smith, William; Anthon, Charles, penyunting (1862). "Heliopolis". A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography. New York: Harper & Bros. m/s. 349.
• K., T. (2010). "Baalbek". Dalam Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (penyunting). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. m/s. 115. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0.
• "Ba'albek". Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria. London: T. Cook & Son. 1876. m/s. 359–365.
• Donne, William Bodham (1878). "Helio′polis Syriae". Dalam Smith, William (penyunting). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. I. London: John Murray. m/s. 1036–1038.
• Baynes, T. S., penyunting (1878), "Baalbec" , Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 (ed. ke-9), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, m/s. 176–178
• Hogarth, David George (1911), "Baalbek" , dalam Chisholm, Hugh (penyunting), Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris), 3 (ed. ke-11), Cambridge University Press, m/s. 89–90
• Sobernheim, Moritz (1913). "Baalbek". Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. I (ed. 1st). Leiden: E.J. Brill. m/s. 543–544. ISBN 9004082654.
• Zettersteen, K.V. (1936). "Zengī". Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. VIII (ed. 1st). Leiden: E.J. Brill. m/s. 1224–1225. ISBN 9004097961.
• Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes" [About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths]. Syria (dalam bahasa Perancis). 54 (1/2): 31–63. doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623.
• Adam, Jean-Pierre; Mathews, Anthony (1999). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20866-6.
• Addison, Charles Greenstreet (1838). Damascus and Palmyra: A Journey to the East with a Sketch of the State and Prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha, Vol. II. Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins for E.L. Carey & A. Hart.
• Alouf, Michel M. (1944). History of Baalbek. Beirut: American Press. ISBN 9781585090631.
• Arastu, Rizwan (2014). God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus. Dearborn: Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya. ISBN 978-0-692-21411-4.
• Baldwin, Marshall W., penyunting (1969). "The Rise of Saladin". A History of the Crusades, Vol. I: The First Hundred Years, 2nd ed.. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048341.
• Baumgarten, Martin von (Martinus à Baumgarten in Braitenbach) (1594). Peregrinatio in Aegyptum, Arabiam, Palaestinam, & Syriam [A Trip to Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, & Syria] (dalam bahasa Latin). Nürnberg (Noriberga).
• Belon, Pierre (Petrus Bellonius Cenomanus) (1553). De Admirabili Operum Antiquorum et Rerum Suspiciendarum Praestantia [On the Admirableness of the Works of the Ancients and a Presentation of Suspected Things] (dalam bahasa Latin). Paris (Parisius): Guillaume Cavellat (Gulielmus Cavellat).
• Belon, Pierre (1554). Les observations de plusieurs singularitez & choses memorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, & autres pays estranges [Observations on the Many Singularities & Memorable Things Found in Greece, Asia, Judea, Egypt, Arabia, & Other Strange Lands] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris: Gilles Corrozet.
• Bouckaert, Peter; Houry, Nadim (2007). Whitson, Sarah Leah; Ross, James; Saunders, Joseph; Roth, Kenneth (penyunting). "Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War" (PDF). Human Rights Watch.
• Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1904). Early Eastern Christianity: St Margaret's Lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking Church. London: John Murray. ISBN 9781593331016.
• Chesney, Francis Rawdon (1850). The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by Order of the British Government, in the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837; Preceded by Geographical and Historical Notices of the Regions Situated between the Rivers Nile and Indus. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans.
  • volume I
  • volume II
• Chesney, Francis Rawdon (1868). Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government during the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837. London: Spttiswoode & Co. for Longmans, Green, & Co.
• Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914). Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Coulton, J.J. (1974). "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture". Journal of Hellenic Studies. 94: 1–19. doi:10.2307/630416. JSTOR 630416. S2CID 162973494.
• de la Roque, Jean (1722). Voyage de Syrie et du Mont-Leban [Travel to Syria and Mount Lebanon] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris: André Cailleau.
• De Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart (1853). Voyage Autour de la Mer Morte et dans les Terres Bibliques exécuté de Decembre 1850 a Avril 1851 [Travel around the Dead Sea and within the Biblical Lands undertaken from December 1850 to April 1851], Vol. II] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris: J. Claye & Co. for Gide & J. Baudry.
• Frauberger, Heinrich (1892). Die Akropolis von Baalbek [The Baalbek Acropolis] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Frankfurt: H. Keller.
• Genz, Hermann (2010). "Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon". Dalam Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro (penyunting). Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, "Sapienza", Università di Roma. 2: Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 205–218. ISBN 978-3-447-06216-9.
• Graves, Robert (1955). The Greek Myths. I. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141959658.
• Hastings, James (2004) [1898]. A Dictionary of the Bible Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents. IV, Pt. II. University Press of the Pacific in Honolulu. ISBN 978-1-4102-1729-5.
• Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
• Jessup, Samuel (1881). "Ba'albek". Dalam Wilson, Charles William (penyunting). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, Div. II. New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by Henry Fenn & J.D. Woodward. m/s. 453–476.
• Jidejian, Nina (1975). Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun". Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers. ISBN 978-2-7214-5884-1.
• Kehrer, Nicole (21 November 2014). "Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek" [Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Berlin: German Archaeological Institute. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Disember 2014. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
• Köhler, Michael (2013). Hirschler, Konrad (penyunting). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades, Vol. I. Leiden: translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1. ISSN 2213-1043.
• Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011). "'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem". m/s. 38–50. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
• Lamartine, Alphonse de (1835). Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensées, et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient 1832–1833 ou Notes d'un Voyageur [Remembrances, Impressions, Thoughts, and Passages concerning Travel in the Orient 1832–1833 or Notes from a Voyager] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Brussels (Bruxelles): L. Hauman.
• Lendering, Jona (2013). Baalbek (Heliopolis). Livius. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 Julai 2015. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
• le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
• Lindsay, Alexander (1838). Letters from Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land, Vol. II. London: Henry Colburn.
• Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. ISBN 9781135131371.
• Lohmann, Daniel (2010). "Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis". Bolletino di Archaologia (Bulletin of Archaeology). Special: 29–30.
• Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, David Edward Pritchett (1982). Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Oriental Publications, No. 30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31739-8.
• Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de (1837). Voyage du Maréchal Duc de Raguse en Hongrie, en Transylvanie, dans la Russie Méridionale, en Grimée, et sur les Bords de la Mer d'Azoff, a Constantinople, dans Quelques Parties de l'Asie-Mineure, en Syrie, en Palestine, et en Égypte. 1834.–1835 [Travel of Marshal Marmont, the Duke of Ragusa, in Hungary, in Transylvania, within Southern Russia, in the Crimea, and on the Shores of the Sea of Azov, to Constantinople, within Certain Parts of Asia Minor, in Syria, in Palestine, and in Egypt (1834–1835), Vol. III: Syrie [Syria]] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris: Ladvocat.
• Monconys, Balthasar de (1665). "Voyage de Syrie" [Syrian Travel]. Journal des Voyages de Monsieur de Monconys (dalam bahasa Perancis). Lyon: Horace Boissat & George Remeus. I: 296 ff.
• Maundrell, Henry (1703). A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter A.D. 1697. Oxford.
• Overbeck, J. Josephus, penyunting (1865). "Rabulae Vita". S. Ephraemi Syri Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni Balaei Aliorumque Opera Selecta e Codicibus Syriacis Manuscriptis in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana Asservatis Primus Edidit (dalam bahasa Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press. m/s. 159–209. & (dalam bahasa Syriac Klasik)
• Pococke, Richard (1745). "Of Baalbeck, the antient Heliopolis". A Description of the East, and Some other Countries, Vol. II, Pt. I Observations on Palæstine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia. London: W. Bowyer. m/s. 106–113.
• Quaresmio, Francisco (Franciscus Quaresmius) (1639). Historica, Theologica, et Moralis Terrae Sanctae Elucidatio [A Historical, Theological, and Moral Elucidation of the Holy Land] (dalam bahasa Latin). Antwerp (Antuerpia): Balthasar Moretus.
• Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Krzystof (Nicolaus Christophorus Radzivilus) (1601). Hierosolymitana Peregrinatio [A Jerusalem Trip] (dalam bahasa Latin). Braniewo (Brunsberga): Georg Schönfels (Georgius Schonfels).
• Richardson, Robert (1822). Travels along the Mediterranean, and Parts Adjacent; in Company with the Earl of Belmore, during the Years 1816–17–18: Extending as far as the Second Cataract of the Nile, Jerusalem, Damascus, Balbec, &c. &c. Illustrated by Plans and other Engravings, Vol. II. London: T. Cadell.
• Robinson, Edward (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith, Vol. III. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
• Robinson, Edward (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852 by E. Robinson, E. Smith, and Others. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
• Rowland, Benjamin Jr. (1956). "The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra". Artibus Asiae. 19. m/s. 353–361.
• Runciman, Steven (1951). A History of the Crusades, Vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–run1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34771-8.
• Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999). "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon) [From the Quarry to the Temple of Jupiter of Heliopolis (Baalbek, Lebanon)]". Linzer Archäologische Forschungen (Linz Archaeological Research) (dalam bahasa Jerman). 30: 7–56.
• Sato, Tsugitaka (1997). State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs, and Fallahun. Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts. Islamic History and Civilization, Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10649-9. ISSN 0929-2403.
• Sedlitz, Melchior von (1580). Gründtliche Beschreibung: Der Wallfart nach dem heyligen Lande [A Thorough Description: The Places of Pilgrimage in the Holy Land] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Fritsch. Reprinted at Görlitz in 1591.
• Steiner, Richard C. (Fall 2009). "On the Rise and Fall of Canaanite Religion at Baalbek: A Tale of Five Toponyms". Journal of Biblical Literature. 128 (3): 507–525. doi:10.2307/25610200. JSTOR 25610200. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 Mac 2016. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
• Thevet, André (1554). Cosmographie de Levant [A Cosmography of the Levant] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Lyons: Jean de Tournes (Ian de Tournes) & Guillaume Gazeau (Guil. Gazeav).
• Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-80269-8.
• Volney, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, comte de (1787). Voyage en Syrie et en Égypte, Pendant les anneés 1783, 1784, & 1785, avec deux Cartes Géographiques & deux Planches gravées, représentant les ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, & celles de la ville de Palmyre dans le Désert de Syrie [Travel in Syria and Egypt, during the Years 1783, 1784, & 1785, with two maps & two engravings, showing the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Baalbek & those of the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris: Volland; Desenne.
• Wiegand, Theodor (1925). Baalbek: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905 [Baalbek: Results of the Excavations and Surveys from the Years 1898 to 1905] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-002370-1.
• Wilson, John (1847). The Lands of the Bible Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy, Vol. II. Edinburgh: William Whyte & Co.
• Winter, Stefan Helmut (2002). The Shiite Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th–Mid-18th Century). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Wood, Robert (1757). The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Cœlosyria. London.

Bacaan lanjut

• The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter. Washington: Library of Congress. 29 Mei 2013. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024 – melalui World Digital Library.
• Baalbek. New York: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 September 2007.