How immune responses arise against microorganisms living on the skin is not fully understood. The discovery that skin maintains its own system to form antibody responses reveals an unexpected vaccination route.

Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have revolutionized the management of chronic kidney disease. However, long-term data regarding their use are lacking. The post-trial follow-up study to EMPA-KIDNEY provides several insights into how the effects of these powerful medications might be optimized, but several key questions remain unanswered.

A recent protocol for PASTE (programmable addition via site-specific targeting elements) combines prime editing and site-specific integrases to integrate large genetic payloads.

In a phase III clinical trial of abatacept for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, the primary endpoint was not met but the results suggest abatacept could have benefits in some subtypes of the disease.

Lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography reduces lung cancer mortality, but reliable risk-based selection of participants is crucial to maximize benefits and minimize harms. Multiple risk models have been developed for this purpose, and their discrimination and calibration performance is commonly evaluated based on large-scale cohort studies. Using a recent comparative evaluation of 10 risk models as an example, we illustrate the merits, limitations and pitfalls of such evaluations.