The Sun generates energy, which is transferred through space to the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Some of this energy warms the atmosphere and surface as heat. There are three ways energy is transferred into and through the atmosphere:
- radiation
- conduction
- convection
Radiation
If you have stood in front of a fireplace or near a campfire, you have felt the heat transfer known as radiation. The side of your body nearest the fire warms while your other side remains unaffected by the heat. Although you are surrounded by air, the air has nothing to do with this transfer of heat. Heat lamps that keep food warm work in the same way. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation is made of waves of different frequencies. The frequency is the number of instances that a repeated event occurs over a set time. In other words, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is the number of electromagnetic waves moving past a point each second. Most wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are invisible. However, much of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches the Earth from the Sun is visible light.
Our brains interpret some of these frequencies as colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. When the eye views all these different frequencies at the same time, it is interpreted as white. Infrared and ultraviolet are two of the waves we can't see. Infrared had a lower frequency than red, and ultraviolet has a higher frequency than violet [more on electromagnetic radiation]. It is infrared radiation that produces the warm feeling on our bodies.
Most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, and much of what reaches the Earth's surface is radiated back into the atmosphere to become heat energy. Dark colored objects, such as asphalt, absorb radiant energy faster than light colored objects. However, they also radiate their energy faster than lighter colored objects. (The variations in how Earth's surface absorbs heat from the Sun is called differential heating.)
Learning Lesson: Melts in your bag, not in your hand
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat energy from one substance to another or within a substance. Have you ever left a metal spoon in a pot of soup being heated on a stove? After a short time, the handle of the spoon will become hot.
Conduction is a very effective method of heat transfer in metals. However, air conducts heat poorly.
Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a fluid. In the kitchen, this type of heating is most commonly seen as the circulation that develops in a boiling liquid.
Air in the atmosphere acts as a fluid. The Sun's radiation strikes the Earth's surface, thus warming it. As the surface's temperature rises due to conduction, heat energy is released into the atmosphere, forming a bubble of air that is warmer than the surrounding air. This bubble of air rises into the atmosphere. As it rises, the bubble cools, with its heat moving into the surrounding atmosphere.
As the hot air mass rises, it is replaced by the surrounding cooler, more dense air, which we feel as wind. These movements of air masses can be small in a certain region, such as local cumulus clouds, or large cycles in the troposphere, covering large sections of the Earth. The large cycles are called convection currents and are responsible for many weather patterns in the troposphere.