The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) appears as a band of clouds consisting of showers and occasional thunderstorms that encircles the globe near the equator. The solid band of clouds may extend for many hundreds of miles and is sometimes broken into smaller line segments.

Its existence is due to the convergence of the trade winds: winds in the tropics that move predominantly from the east and curve towards the equator. When: the northeast trade winds from the Northern Hemisphere and the southeast winds from the Southern Hemisphere come together, it forces the air up into the atmosphere, forming the ITCZ.

Convective storms in the tropics tend to be of short duration and usually are small scale. But these short lived storms can produce intense rainfall. It is estimated that 40 percent of all tropical rainfall rates exceed one inch per hour.

The position of the ITCZ varies seasonally because it follows the Sun; it moves north in the Northern Hemisphere summer and south in the Northern Hemisphere winter. As a result, the ITCZ is responsible for the wet and dry seasons in the tropics.

The sun crosses the equator twice a year, in March and September, and consequently makes for two wet seasons each year. In December and July, when the sun is at its greatest extent north (or south) of the equator, the result is two dry seasons.

Further away from the equator, the two wet seasons merge into one, and the climate becomes more monsoonal, with one wet season and one dry season. In the Northern Hemisphere, the wet season occurs from May to July; in the Southern Hemisphere, it’s from November to February.

Tale of Two Cities: Kano and Lagos

Because of its location just north of the equator, Nigeria's climate is characterized by the hot and wet conditions associated with the movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) north and south of the equator. This is easily seen in the normal monthly rainfall for two cities, Kano and Lagos, separated by 500 miles (800 km).

When the ITCZ is to the south of the equator, the north-east winds prevail over Nigeria, producing the dry-season conditions. When the ITCZ moves into the Northern Hemisphere, the south westerly wind prevails far inland to bring rainfall during the wet season.

The result is a prolonged rainy season in the far south of Nigeria, while the far north undergoes long dry periods annually. Nigeria, therefore, has two major seasons, the dry season and the wet season, the lengths of which vary from north to south.

In southern Nigeria, Lagos averages 68.5" (1740 mm) of rain annually. The four observed seasons are:

1. The long rainy season, which lasts from March to the end of July, with a peak period in June over most parts of southern Nigeria.
2. The short dry season, which is in August and lasts for 3-4 weeks. This is due to the ITCZ moving to the north of the region.
3. The short rainy season, which lasts from early September to mid-October as the ITCZ moves south again, with a peak period at the end of September. The rains are not usually as heavy as those in the long rainy season.
4. The long dry season starts, which starts late October and lasts to early March, with peak dry conditions between early December and late February. Vegetation growth is generally hampered, grasses dry, and leaves fall from deciduous trees due to reduced moisture.

In northern Nigeria, Kano averages 32.5" (825 mm) of rain annually, about half the amount in Lagos. There are only two seasons because the ITCZ only moves into the region once a year before returning south. The two observed seasons are:

1. The long dry season from October to mid-May. With the ITCZ in the Southern Hemisphere, the north-east winds and their associated easterlies over the Sahara prevail over the country, bringing dry conditions. This is the period of little or no cloud cover.
2. The short rainy season covers a relatively short period, from June to September. Both the number of rain days and total annual rainfall decrease progressively from the south to the north. The rains are generally heavy and short in duration, and often characterized by frequent storms. This results in flash floods.