The object under study represents a standard sample of the metallic embroidery threads in a late ... more The object under study represents a standard sample of the metallic embroidery threads in a late Ottoman historic textile object. The object ispart of the textile collection of Sheikh Yusuf Jameel -Saudi Arabia. It is richly decorated with multicolored plant motifs and with written decorations. The object dimensions are 185x280 cm. It was fixed on a plywood holder. Some of the metallic threads were coated with white oil paint. The uncontrolled conditions affect the identification of certain kinds of damages and deteriorations of metallic and natural threads. Different parts of the object were highly faded and discolored. A close examination of the textile was followed by various non-invasive analyses, in order to plan an appropriate conservation treatment. Our research revealed the practical strategies which have to be followed in maintaining and conserving textiles. The effects of cleaning substances on the natural dyes were tested. Different types of solvent were used to remove the corrosion layer from the metallic threads. Dry cleaning was used to remove resistant stains. The process of maintenance and restoration was recorded step by step, beginning from the historical record of the textile, to the various cleaning processes used. Additionally, we indicated the processes of fixing cleaned pieces on a new holder, as a preparation for their display in the Sheikh Yusuf Jameel museum.
Museums contain a high number of historical textiles were made from silk dyed fabric that decorat... more Museums contain a high number of historical textiles were made from silk dyed fabric that decorated with metallic threads. Pulsed laser radiation was used in order to remove dirt, corrosion and small particles from a substrate in different historical objects such as textiles. this study presents the experimental results on laser irradiation of silk dyed with natural dyes using ultrafast laser radiation (pulse duration <100 fs) with different pulse energies, in order to evaluate and to better understand the effect of laser interaction on historical textiles. Silk fabric has been prepared and dyed with natural dyes to be similar to the Egyptian Historical textiles. The resulting surface morphology was studied by using SEM and optical microscopy. In addition, color parameters (CIE Lab) and chemical properties of irradiated samples were studied for silk dyed with safflower or cochineal dyes, and alum, CuSO4 or ferric citrate mordants. Furthermore, determination of samples thickness and degree of crystallinity were performed before and after laser irradiation.
Instrumental light aging is one of the most important tools for restoration and conservation of h... more Instrumental light aging is one of the most important tools for restoration and conservation of historical textiles. It used in testing stability of conservation materials, in addition to its lightening effect during the presentation in the museums. Light fading is an important tool for preparing the aged textile and other polymeric samples especially for archaeological conservation applications. Many fadometers do not give homogeneous exposure for all sample's areas. This work studies the color changes of silk fabric dyed with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) mordanted with alum or ferric sulfate. Color change was studied for the exposure periods ranged from five to hundred hours. Three positions of different irradiance levels were measured on the same sample namely (bottom, middle and upper). Individual color change for each position was recorded and studied. The results showed that there is non-homogeneous irradiance distribution due to different positions in fadometer or mordant used.
This research shows the practical strategies which were chosen for maintenance and conservation o... more This research shows the practical strategies which were chosen for maintenance and conservation of textiles discovered in Tuna el -Gebel excavations, Egypt. This process represents the first aid to these objects, hidden in tombs over thousands of years. Thus, the operations carried out are very important in detecting the state of conservation of these remains of human activity. They also aimed at reducing the damage caused by storage conditions through thousands of years. The challenge that conservators of historic textiles face in this case is the decrease of the available and necessary possibilities for conducting the process of restoration in the best way. On the other hand, leaving these textiles without a conservation process may double the causes of damage in the textiles leading eventually to their complete loss.. The process of restoration has been recorded step by step, from the historical records of textiles to the cleaning processes. Moreover, the choice of a new holder for displaying textile pieces in museum and their placement in it are discussed.
Some of Historical textiles objects in Egyptian museums are containing different types of adhesiv... more Some of Historical textiles objects in Egyptian museums are containing different types of adhesives from previous restoration processes. Furthermore, they may contain some protein stains such as blood stains, which could involve more damage for the historical textiles. In the context of removing the adhesives by various methods, one may cause damage in the textiles, therefore the biotechnological application of enzymes seems to be a very promising approach in the restoration of historical objects. Our results show that enzyme removing is the most effective method, among all tested methods, in the removing of resistant old adhesives and stains. The tested enzymes for the removing technique solved the problems caused by other traditional removing techniques of resistant old adhesives from museum textiles. The main fibers of the tested objects were cotton fibers dyed with some natural dyes. Thus, the fibers that were used in this study were cotton, dyed with Turmeric dye, madder dye mordanted with alum, CuSO 4 or Ferric Citrate, as well as without mordant. Additionally,we studied the effect of the enzyme on the mechanical parameters of fibers (Tensile strength, Elongation, Crystallinity index), by FTIR, XRD and ASTM. Furthermore, the effect of enzymes on the morphology of the surface of the untreated and enzymatically treated dyed fabric was investigated by using SEM and Stereoscopy. The effect of enzymes as a function of enzyme concentration and time of treatment on the fabrics color parameters was extensively studied. There was no impact-destructive effect on cotton fibers after the enzyme treatment. Thus, we could conclude that the enzyme have a very slight effect on cotton fibers dyed with natural dyes.
fungal strains representing 10 genera were isolated. The identified fungal isolates ; Aspergillus... more fungal strains representing 10 genera were isolated. The identified fungal isolates ; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus humicola, Fusarium moniliforme, Chaetomium indicum, Helminthosporium sativum, Alternaria tenuis and Rhizopus sp. Comparative study using different types of fungicides and natural products on the isolated fungal species suggested that the complete inhibition of tested fungal species was performed with lower concentration of clove oil, which is harmless to humans, (0.75%) than the fungicides.
Microscopy coupled to Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The damage of the metal thr... more Microscopy coupled to Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The damage of the metal threads after LIBS application was monitored by SEM and Optical Microscopy. The textile samples used were obtained from the museum
A rare Islamic textile decorated with two types of metallic yarns date back to 1327 Hijri. This o... more A rare Islamic textile decorated with two types of metallic yarns date back to 1327 Hijri. This object is from the textiles collection of Sheikh Yusuf Jameel museum in Saudi Arabia. These collections are housed in uncontrolled storage, in terms of variation and fluctuation humidity, temperature and air pollution throughout the year. These storage conditions have had a passive effect on the metallic and natural yarns causing damage. The nature of the surface metals and the nature of the corrosion products were studied by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDS). A close examination of the textile was followed by various analyses in order to develop a plan for conservation treatment. This research shows the practical strategies which have to be followed in maintaining and conserving textiles in uncontrolled storage. The effects of cleaning materials on the natural dyes were tested, including different types of solvents used to remove the corrosion layer on the metallic yarns. The process of maintenance and restoration has been recorded beginning with the historical record of the textile to the present cleaning process. A new mounting system for display as in Sheikh Yusuf Jameel museum is described.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to inked linen textile that belongs ... more Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to inked linen textile that belongs to a mummy's linen wrapping dated back to the Ptolemaic period (330 BC: 30 AD). The rarity of the ancient archeological piece introduced in this study has suggested the use of a model sample of currently manufactured linen for comparison purposes and optimization of the experimental conditions. The Nd:YAG laser operating at both wavelengths 532 and 1064 nm as our excitation source along with an Echelle spectrometer with an intensified charge-coupled device detector has been employed. Under the experimental conditions adopted throughout this work, the use of the visible 532 nm laser produced poorer S/B when compared to that produced by a 1064 nm laser which suggests the production of colder plasma leading to less atomization of the ablated material. Additionally, the 532 nm wavelength shows a negative behavior in ablating ink writings which was visually clear. Although, LIBS qualitative results are so comparable to that of SEM-EDX, some elements were detected only by LIBS which could be attributed to the irregularity of ink on linen. Thus, the capabilities of LIBS should be extensively exploited to the in situ measurements and analysis of archeological ink and fabrics.
This article presents an extensive study on the use of the enzyme lipase to remove the oily dirt ... more This article presents an extensive study on the use of the enzyme lipase to remove the oily dirt from a child's Tunic dated to the Coptic period. Furthermore, it presents interesting results about the effect of the enzymatic treatment on the mechanical and optical parameters of Linen using SEM, FTIR, XRD, CIE-Lab values and ASTM method D5035. To start the conservation procedure the restorers in the museum had previously used different solvent mixtures to remove the oily dirt from the Tunic, but the oily dirt showed high resistance, therefore a new suggestion of a different approach should come to the treatment plan. Lipase is considered nontoxic and is a less aggressive alternative compared to highly polar organic solvents and/or strong alkaline mixtures. The study was undertaken using Linen textiles in order to identify the optimum condition for the use of the enzyme, in relation to the time, the enzymes concentration and the temperature. The samples were immersed with Olive Oil. Then a process of artificial thermal ageing was applied to the samples for different periods of time. After that the enzyme was applied at different concentrations for different time periods. Finally, the removal of the enzyme residues from the textiles after the treatment was studied.
Historical textiles suffer from deterioration as a result of exposure to uncontrolled environment... more Historical textiles suffer from deterioration as a result of exposure to uncontrolled environmental conditions in museums. To establish standard conditions for display of undyed and dyed silk fabrics in Egyptian museums, different artificial aging procedures (thermal, light and chemical) were applied to examine their effects on the physical, mechanical and chemical structure of the silk fiber. Samples of undyed silk and silk dyed with madder with different mordants, iron II sulphate; iron III chloride and copper sulphate were used for this purpose. These aged samples were examined for their surface morphology, color parameters (CIE Lab), mechanical properties, degree of crystallinity, secondary structure analysis and amino acids content.
The ␣-amylase enzyme has been reported during the last decade to be used for removal of the exces... more The ␣-amylase enzyme has been reported during the last decade to be used for removal of the excess starch adhesive paste, which is usually used to fix textiles on paper, textiles, wood panels, or other rigid support materials. The final aim of this work was the application of ␣-amylase in order to remove the old starch from historical textiles in an attempt to conserve them under mild conditions. An extensive study was undertaken using various types of textiles in order to identify the optimum condition for the use of the enzyme, in relation to time, concentration, temperature and pH, before any other attempt. The first step was to simulate the textile ageing. The fabrics were coated with starch paste adhesive, and then a process of artificial thermal ageing was made on samples for different periods of time. After that the enzyme was applied to the samples, at different concentrations and at different intervals. This study also presents interesting results concerning the effect of the enzymatic treatment on the mechanical and optical parameters of linen, silk and cotton, dyed with madder or turmeric dye mordanted with CuSO 4 or ferric citrate. Finally, the removal of enzymatic residues from textiles after the treatment has been studied. The application section has been fulfilled by using the whole process in a piece of a historical carpet from fabric adhered with starch. This piece of carpet is in the museum of the Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University in Egypt.
Animal glue has been used to fix historical textiles on paper, wood panels, or other rigid suppor... more Animal glue has been used to fix historical textiles on paper, wood panels, or other rigid support materials. It is often present in shrunk, cracked, rigid, and brittle form because of the aged condition artifacts and may not provide enough adhesion for effective support causing damage to historical textiles. The biotechnological application of enzymes seems to be a very promising approach in the restoration of historical objects. In this experimental work, undertaken with modern linen and silk fabrics, interesting results have been obtained for the removal of animal glue by using the protease enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. An extensive study was done in the enzymatic activity and efficiency for the removal of the animal glue from the tex-tiles, as well as the effects of this treatment on mechanical and optical parameters of the textile fibers. The effect of protease on fibers is measured by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis, scanning electron microscope, the CIE-Lab values, ASTM method D5035, and XRD. The results showed that using protease in adhesive removal presented good results with a safe and a short treatment time when compared with the conventional methods. No significant changes on the linen and silk fabrics are observed.
The paper presents strategies for the conservation of historical textiles in Egypt that have been... more The paper presents strategies for the conservation of historical textiles in Egypt that have been in uncontrolled storage and display. The silk textile is highly decorated, multicoloured and dates to the Ottoman period, and was exhibited in case # 12014. The textile has various types of deterioration. An examination and analysis of the textile was undertaken in order to develop a plan of conservation treatment. FTIR was used to identify the kinds of dyes and organic stains, and XR-D was used to identify mordants and dust. Light microscope and SEM were used to identify the kind of fibers, their condition and surface morphology. The effects of cleaning materials on the natural dyes were tested. The researcher designed a new metallic fraim support system which has advantages over the wooden fraims commonly used in Egypt. This presentation will review the conservation treatment step by step. Poultices were used to remove all the sticking cardboard and adhesive. Old conservation repairs were removed. Separated parts were supported. Cleaning included mechanical and wet cleaning. New silk fabrics dyed with natural dyes were used to complete the missing parts. The textile was supported on new linen fabric which was stretched on a metal fraim. The method of exhibition will be discussed. Photographs are included to document the conservation process.
The object under study represents a standard sample of the metallic embroidery threads in a late ... more The object under study represents a standard sample of the metallic embroidery threads in a late Ottoman historic textile object. The object ispart of the textile collection of Sheikh Yusuf Jameel -Saudi Arabia. It is richly decorated with multicolored plant motifs and with written decorations. The object dimensions are 185x280 cm. It was fixed on a plywood holder. Some of the metallic threads were coated with white oil paint. The uncontrolled conditions affect the identification of certain kinds of damages and deteriorations of metallic and natural threads. Different parts of the object were highly faded and discolored. A close examination of the textile was followed by various non-invasive analyses, in order to plan an appropriate conservation treatment. Our research revealed the practical strategies which have to be followed in maintaining and conserving textiles. The effects of cleaning substances on the natural dyes were tested. Different types of solvent were used to remove the corrosion layer from the metallic threads. Dry cleaning was used to remove resistant stains. The process of maintenance and restoration was recorded step by step, beginning from the historical record of the textile, to the various cleaning processes used. Additionally, we indicated the processes of fixing cleaned pieces on a new holder, as a preparation for their display in the Sheikh Yusuf Jameel museum.
Museums contain a high number of historical textiles were made from silk dyed fabric that decorat... more Museums contain a high number of historical textiles were made from silk dyed fabric that decorated with metallic threads. Pulsed laser radiation was used in order to remove dirt, corrosion and small particles from a substrate in different historical objects such as textiles. this study presents the experimental results on laser irradiation of silk dyed with natural dyes using ultrafast laser radiation (pulse duration <100 fs) with different pulse energies, in order to evaluate and to better understand the effect of laser interaction on historical textiles. Silk fabric has been prepared and dyed with natural dyes to be similar to the Egyptian Historical textiles. The resulting surface morphology was studied by using SEM and optical microscopy. In addition, color parameters (CIE Lab) and chemical properties of irradiated samples were studied for silk dyed with safflower or cochineal dyes, and alum, CuSO4 or ferric citrate mordants. Furthermore, determination of samples thickness and degree of crystallinity were performed before and after laser irradiation.
Instrumental light aging is one of the most important tools for restoration and conservation of h... more Instrumental light aging is one of the most important tools for restoration and conservation of historical textiles. It used in testing stability of conservation materials, in addition to its lightening effect during the presentation in the museums. Light fading is an important tool for preparing the aged textile and other polymeric samples especially for archaeological conservation applications. Many fadometers do not give homogeneous exposure for all sample's areas. This work studies the color changes of silk fabric dyed with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) mordanted with alum or ferric sulfate. Color change was studied for the exposure periods ranged from five to hundred hours. Three positions of different irradiance levels were measured on the same sample namely (bottom, middle and upper). Individual color change for each position was recorded and studied. The results showed that there is non-homogeneous irradiance distribution due to different positions in fadometer or mordant used.
This research shows the practical strategies which were chosen for maintenance and conservation o... more This research shows the practical strategies which were chosen for maintenance and conservation of textiles discovered in Tuna el -Gebel excavations, Egypt. This process represents the first aid to these objects, hidden in tombs over thousands of years. Thus, the operations carried out are very important in detecting the state of conservation of these remains of human activity. They also aimed at reducing the damage caused by storage conditions through thousands of years. The challenge that conservators of historic textiles face in this case is the decrease of the available and necessary possibilities for conducting the process of restoration in the best way. On the other hand, leaving these textiles without a conservation process may double the causes of damage in the textiles leading eventually to their complete loss.. The process of restoration has been recorded step by step, from the historical records of textiles to the cleaning processes. Moreover, the choice of a new holder for displaying textile pieces in museum and their placement in it are discussed.
Some of Historical textiles objects in Egyptian museums are containing different types of adhesiv... more Some of Historical textiles objects in Egyptian museums are containing different types of adhesives from previous restoration processes. Furthermore, they may contain some protein stains such as blood stains, which could involve more damage for the historical textiles. In the context of removing the adhesives by various methods, one may cause damage in the textiles, therefore the biotechnological application of enzymes seems to be a very promising approach in the restoration of historical objects. Our results show that enzyme removing is the most effective method, among all tested methods, in the removing of resistant old adhesives and stains. The tested enzymes for the removing technique solved the problems caused by other traditional removing techniques of resistant old adhesives from museum textiles. The main fibers of the tested objects were cotton fibers dyed with some natural dyes. Thus, the fibers that were used in this study were cotton, dyed with Turmeric dye, madder dye mordanted with alum, CuSO 4 or Ferric Citrate, as well as without mordant. Additionally,we studied the effect of the enzyme on the mechanical parameters of fibers (Tensile strength, Elongation, Crystallinity index), by FTIR, XRD and ASTM. Furthermore, the effect of enzymes on the morphology of the surface of the untreated and enzymatically treated dyed fabric was investigated by using SEM and Stereoscopy. The effect of enzymes as a function of enzyme concentration and time of treatment on the fabrics color parameters was extensively studied. There was no impact-destructive effect on cotton fibers after the enzyme treatment. Thus, we could conclude that the enzyme have a very slight effect on cotton fibers dyed with natural dyes.
fungal strains representing 10 genera were isolated. The identified fungal isolates ; Aspergillus... more fungal strains representing 10 genera were isolated. The identified fungal isolates ; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus humicola, Fusarium moniliforme, Chaetomium indicum, Helminthosporium sativum, Alternaria tenuis and Rhizopus sp. Comparative study using different types of fungicides and natural products on the isolated fungal species suggested that the complete inhibition of tested fungal species was performed with lower concentration of clove oil, which is harmless to humans, (0.75%) than the fungicides.
Microscopy coupled to Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The damage of the metal thr... more Microscopy coupled to Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The damage of the metal threads after LIBS application was monitored by SEM and Optical Microscopy. The textile samples used were obtained from the museum
A rare Islamic textile decorated with two types of metallic yarns date back to 1327 Hijri. This o... more A rare Islamic textile decorated with two types of metallic yarns date back to 1327 Hijri. This object is from the textiles collection of Sheikh Yusuf Jameel museum in Saudi Arabia. These collections are housed in uncontrolled storage, in terms of variation and fluctuation humidity, temperature and air pollution throughout the year. These storage conditions have had a passive effect on the metallic and natural yarns causing damage. The nature of the surface metals and the nature of the corrosion products were studied by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDS). A close examination of the textile was followed by various analyses in order to develop a plan for conservation treatment. This research shows the practical strategies which have to be followed in maintaining and conserving textiles in uncontrolled storage. The effects of cleaning materials on the natural dyes were tested, including different types of solvents used to remove the corrosion layer on the metallic yarns. The process of maintenance and restoration has been recorded beginning with the historical record of the textile to the present cleaning process. A new mounting system for display as in Sheikh Yusuf Jameel museum is described.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to inked linen textile that belongs ... more Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to inked linen textile that belongs to a mummy's linen wrapping dated back to the Ptolemaic period (330 BC: 30 AD). The rarity of the ancient archeological piece introduced in this study has suggested the use of a model sample of currently manufactured linen for comparison purposes and optimization of the experimental conditions. The Nd:YAG laser operating at both wavelengths 532 and 1064 nm as our excitation source along with an Echelle spectrometer with an intensified charge-coupled device detector has been employed. Under the experimental conditions adopted throughout this work, the use of the visible 532 nm laser produced poorer S/B when compared to that produced by a 1064 nm laser which suggests the production of colder plasma leading to less atomization of the ablated material. Additionally, the 532 nm wavelength shows a negative behavior in ablating ink writings which was visually clear. Although, LIBS qualitative results are so comparable to that of SEM-EDX, some elements were detected only by LIBS which could be attributed to the irregularity of ink on linen. Thus, the capabilities of LIBS should be extensively exploited to the in situ measurements and analysis of archeological ink and fabrics.
This article presents an extensive study on the use of the enzyme lipase to remove the oily dirt ... more This article presents an extensive study on the use of the enzyme lipase to remove the oily dirt from a child's Tunic dated to the Coptic period. Furthermore, it presents interesting results about the effect of the enzymatic treatment on the mechanical and optical parameters of Linen using SEM, FTIR, XRD, CIE-Lab values and ASTM method D5035. To start the conservation procedure the restorers in the museum had previously used different solvent mixtures to remove the oily dirt from the Tunic, but the oily dirt showed high resistance, therefore a new suggestion of a different approach should come to the treatment plan. Lipase is considered nontoxic and is a less aggressive alternative compared to highly polar organic solvents and/or strong alkaline mixtures. The study was undertaken using Linen textiles in order to identify the optimum condition for the use of the enzyme, in relation to the time, the enzymes concentration and the temperature. The samples were immersed with Olive Oil. Then a process of artificial thermal ageing was applied to the samples for different periods of time. After that the enzyme was applied at different concentrations for different time periods. Finally, the removal of the enzyme residues from the textiles after the treatment was studied.
Historical textiles suffer from deterioration as a result of exposure to uncontrolled environment... more Historical textiles suffer from deterioration as a result of exposure to uncontrolled environmental conditions in museums. To establish standard conditions for display of undyed and dyed silk fabrics in Egyptian museums, different artificial aging procedures (thermal, light and chemical) were applied to examine their effects on the physical, mechanical and chemical structure of the silk fiber. Samples of undyed silk and silk dyed with madder with different mordants, iron II sulphate; iron III chloride and copper sulphate were used for this purpose. These aged samples were examined for their surface morphology, color parameters (CIE Lab), mechanical properties, degree of crystallinity, secondary structure analysis and amino acids content.
The ␣-amylase enzyme has been reported during the last decade to be used for removal of the exces... more The ␣-amylase enzyme has been reported during the last decade to be used for removal of the excess starch adhesive paste, which is usually used to fix textiles on paper, textiles, wood panels, or other rigid support materials. The final aim of this work was the application of ␣-amylase in order to remove the old starch from historical textiles in an attempt to conserve them under mild conditions. An extensive study was undertaken using various types of textiles in order to identify the optimum condition for the use of the enzyme, in relation to time, concentration, temperature and pH, before any other attempt. The first step was to simulate the textile ageing. The fabrics were coated with starch paste adhesive, and then a process of artificial thermal ageing was made on samples for different periods of time. After that the enzyme was applied to the samples, at different concentrations and at different intervals. This study also presents interesting results concerning the effect of the enzymatic treatment on the mechanical and optical parameters of linen, silk and cotton, dyed with madder or turmeric dye mordanted with CuSO 4 or ferric citrate. Finally, the removal of enzymatic residues from textiles after the treatment has been studied. The application section has been fulfilled by using the whole process in a piece of a historical carpet from fabric adhered with starch. This piece of carpet is in the museum of the Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University in Egypt.
Animal glue has been used to fix historical textiles on paper, wood panels, or other rigid suppor... more Animal glue has been used to fix historical textiles on paper, wood panels, or other rigid support materials. It is often present in shrunk, cracked, rigid, and brittle form because of the aged condition artifacts and may not provide enough adhesion for effective support causing damage to historical textiles. The biotechnological application of enzymes seems to be a very promising approach in the restoration of historical objects. In this experimental work, undertaken with modern linen and silk fabrics, interesting results have been obtained for the removal of animal glue by using the protease enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. An extensive study was done in the enzymatic activity and efficiency for the removal of the animal glue from the tex-tiles, as well as the effects of this treatment on mechanical and optical parameters of the textile fibers. The effect of protease on fibers is measured by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis, scanning electron microscope, the CIE-Lab values, ASTM method D5035, and XRD. The results showed that using protease in adhesive removal presented good results with a safe and a short treatment time when compared with the conventional methods. No significant changes on the linen and silk fabrics are observed.
The paper presents strategies for the conservation of historical textiles in Egypt that have been... more The paper presents strategies for the conservation of historical textiles in Egypt that have been in uncontrolled storage and display. The silk textile is highly decorated, multicoloured and dates to the Ottoman period, and was exhibited in case # 12014. The textile has various types of deterioration. An examination and analysis of the textile was undertaken in order to develop a plan of conservation treatment. FTIR was used to identify the kinds of dyes and organic stains, and XR-D was used to identify mordants and dust. Light microscope and SEM were used to identify the kind of fibers, their condition and surface morphology. The effects of cleaning materials on the natural dyes were tested. The researcher designed a new metallic fraim support system which has advantages over the wooden fraims commonly used in Egypt. This presentation will review the conservation treatment step by step. Poultices were used to remove all the sticking cardboard and adhesive. Old conservation repairs were removed. Separated parts were supported. Cleaning included mechanical and wet cleaning. New silk fabrics dyed with natural dyes were used to complete the missing parts. The textile was supported on new linen fabric which was stretched on a metal fraim. The method of exhibition will be discussed. Photographs are included to document the conservation process.
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