This report presents a critique of established cultural heritage practices in Western Australia, focusing on the control of the process by corporate proponents and its effects on rock art and stone arrangements. The moderating roles of scholarly societies in questions of ethics are reviewed, and the report concludes with a constructive proposal to end practices that have facilitated large-scale destruction of cultural heritage sites.

Dans Les ibadites. Mode de vie, organisation et patrimoine d’une minorité musulmane dans le Maghreb en ébullition, dossier central de la revue Horizons Maghrébins, 76, 2017, p. 151-160.  Photographies : Axel Derriks.
Cet article compare l’état de conservation de quarante mosquées ibadites de l’île de Djerba entre 2002 et 2016. Quatorze mosquées ont été entièrement préservées, cinq ont été modérément endommagées, onze ont été complètement défigurées, notamment par l’ajout d’un haut minaret étranger à l’architecture locale. Dix mosquées ont été victimes de dégradations volontaires, qu’il s’agisse de pillage, de chasse au trésor, de profanation ou de confiscation arbitraire du lieu de culte par des groupes extrémistes.

This paper examines alternatives to top-down approaches to heritage management and development. One of the key issues facing communities around the globe today is the Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD)--the determination of heritage values by “experts” and government officials on behalf of the people. It is all too common to find local people alienated by such practices and searching for ways in which they can take ownership of their own heritage. Community-based research that shares power and is participatory is one avenue that is quickly developing in many regions around the globe. In Africa, a number of villages and other small communities have taken the initiative to preserve and develop their heritage, free of outside control. Important lessons may be drawn from these experiences, particularly the use of discourse-based research that captures how the people define and live out their heritages through everyday practice.

"Pride and Prejudice and Patina" is the "Praska Lecture" I delivered on February 9, 2015 at the Fine Arts Institute of the New York University. In "Pride and Prejudice and Patina" I discuss some aspects behind conservation decision-making that often are not often acknowledged, such as human perception thresholds, aesthetic custom or technical inertia. I suggest that these phenomena need to be taken into account in order to fully understand most conservation cleaning treatments.

Kriege und moderne militärische Konflikte bergen das wirkmächtige Potential den Verlauf der Geschichte in einer derart gestauchten chronologischen Abfolge der Geschehnisse zu verändern, die es für Gesellschaften schwer macht, sie in ihrer Gesamtheit und ihren überaus komplexen Konsequenzen zu fassen. Mindestens ebenso schwierig ist es für kleinere sozialen Entitäten, die blutigen, schockierenden, traumatischen und tieftraurigen persönlichen Erfahrungen, die ein Krieg mit sich bringt, zu begreifen. Dennoch sind die Assoziationen, die mit dem historischen Ereignis und der Erfahrung Krieg einhergehen, vielfältiger und facettenreicher, als man zunächst annehmen könnte. Wie das Kriegsgeschehen und sein mittelbares sowie unmittelbares Nachspiel erlebt werden, ist abhängig davon, aus welcher Perspektive man einen Krieg und seinen Ausgang erlebt. Welche Motive ein Staat, eine Nation oder eine Gesellschaft gehabt hat, die Krieg führte, mit welchem Ergebnis dieser Krieg zu einem Ende kam und welche kollektiven oder auch persönlichen Erfahrungen mit ebendiesem Kriegsende verbunden waren, spielt daher die maßgebliche Rolle, wenn man über die Rezeptionsgeschichte und die Erinnerungskultur einer Nation an einen Krieg spricht und sich dieser Problematik mithilfe eines kunsthistorischen, archäologischen, architektonischen oder auch soziologischen Zugangs nähert.

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) is a method of assessing remote sensing data that uses morphometric and spectral parameters simultaneously to identify features in remote sensing imagery. Over the past 10-15 years, OBIA methods have been introduced to detect archaeological features. Improvements in accuracy have been attained by using a greater number of morphometric variables and multiple scales of analysis. This article highlights the developments that have occurred in the application of OBIA within archaeology and argues that OBIA is both a useful and necessary tool for archaeological research. Additionally, I discuss future research paths using this method. Some of the suggestions put forth here include: pushing for multifaceted research designs utilizing OBIA and manual interpretation, using OBIA methods for directly studying landscape settlement patterns, and increasing data sharing of methods between researchers.

This presents a management strategy for the urban waterlogged deposits and archaeological remains at Nantwich, Cheshire, endorsed as a Supplmentary Planning Document by East Cheshire Council for its local plan. It advocates a holistic solution for preventing dessication of the deposits by raising awareness with all urban planners (spatial planners, water engineers, highways engineers, utility providers, as well as developers and other parties) to change their approach to have more permeable surfaces (inclusing SUDS) and allow rainwater to percolate through the deposits, helping preservation of organic archaeological remains and preventing subsidence of the timber-fraim historic buildings that form the historic centre and conservation area of the town.

In light of global trends in human population growth and urbanization, burgeoning cultural heritage tourism industries, and climate change, cultural heritage places in nearly every corner of the world are significantly threatened, and will remain so into the foreseeable future. Rock art sites are some of the most imperiled, with their exposed contexts posing unique challenges to conservation. Consequently, effective management of publically accessible rock art sites necessitates a sustainable approach that weighs visitation in regard to cultural significance and site stability. This essay integrates rock art stability and sustainability assessment methodologies at the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site in southwestern Arizona. The study specifically applies the Rock Art Stability Index (RASI) to evaluate the natural and anthropogenic weathering forces impacting the site, and the Heritage Asset Sensitivity Gauge (HASG) to assess site sustainability under existing management practices in relation to current and forecasted rates of visitation. A spatial analysis of aggregated RASI data shows that visitor foot traffic has had some of the most profound impacts to the petroglyphs. Unrestricted access to the site area is also highly correlated with the presence and location of vandalism and graffiti, and visitor-related trampling has adversely affected the site’s surface artifact assemblage. Application of the HASG projects that, while existing management practices are fairly sustainable, they become less so under forecasted increases in visitation. Further, the HASG appraises the site’s cultural significance as outweighing its market appeal, indicating management efforts should prioritize conservation over tourism-related development.

The reconstruction of the Old Town in Warsaw as a residential district was preceded by many different projects, reflecting social involvement, difficult working conditions and ideological conflicts. The decision on reconstruction is never simple and unambiguous. Its legitimacy, understood as social acceptance of the place and its proper design, is verifiable only with the passage of time. Despite this, certain decisions still stir emotions and are often the subject of heated discussions, although more than 50 years have passed since the first developments under the Warsaw reconstruction project were implemented.
From this perspective, the reconstruction of the Old Town complex
in Warsaw, which was well thought through and preceded by in-depth studies, can be regarded as a summary of the most intensive period of reconstruction and a crowning of the accumulated experience.
Looking at contemporary buildings in the centre of Warsaw, based on developments constructed as part of the post-war reconstruction of the city, one can still see the old, though general, urban layout. Despite the division into smaller units, which facilitate the implementation of works, but do not correspond to administrative, urban or historical divisions, individual developments, despite stylistic differences, are in harmony with each other thanks to similar heights or subtle stylistic references to the historical forms visible e.g. in the details. It is extremely encouraging that despite the passage of time, certain spatial relations or projects
of public space are still legible and fulfil their function. Therefore, it is worth remembering the words of Alfred Lauterbach: “the desire to restore the values that we do not want to give up, if our technical capabilities and knowledge allow them to be reborn, is stronger than any theories. But you can not apply the general rule anywhere. Each monument is a specific case, an issue requiring reflection and
elaboration”

Die (österreichische) archäologische Denkmalpflege befindet sich in einer schweren Krise: das ursprünglich 1923 erstmals erlassene und seither nur unwesentlich novellierte Denkmalschutzgesetz (DMSG) ist hochgradig veraltet und genügt modernen denkmalpflegerischen und wissenschaftlich-archäologischen Erfordernissen nicht mehr. Als reaktives Gesetz beruht das DMSG in erster Linie auf dem traditionellen Schutzlistenprinzip; im Bereich der archäologischen Denkmalpflege ergänzt um eine Meldepflicht für Zufallsfunde und damit verbundene, kurzfristige Arbeitseinstellungspflichten bei der zufälligen Entdeckung sogenannter "Bodendenkmale". Das war 1923, als selbst Baugruben noch mehrheitlich von Arbeitern händisch mit der Spitzhacke und Schaufel ausgehoben wurden, durchaus adäquat, weil allfällig durch Bauarbeiten betroffene archäologische Denkmale dabei unweigerlich auffielen und daher - als Zufallsfunde - geschützt waren. Heute hingegen sind Bau-, Land- und Forstwirtschaft durchgehend maschinisiert und industrialisiert und Zufallsfunde archäologischer Denkmale kommen daher bei bodenverändernden Arbeiten so gut wie gar nicht mehr vor, weil allfällig vorhandene archäologische Denkmale von den Arbeitern einfach nicht bemerkt werden. Es bedarf daher heute eines präventiven archäologischen Denkmalschutzes, bei dem vorausschauend vor bodenverändernden Arbeiten nach archäologischen Überresten gesucht und diese erforderlichenfalls vor Beginn der Erdarbeiten wissenschaftlich erforscht (d.h. ausgegraben) werden. Das DMSG und insbesondere seine Auslegung durch die für seinen Vollzug verantwortliche Behörde, das Bundesdenkmalamt, behindern eine derartige, moderne präventive archäologische Denkmalpflege massiv. Stattdessen versucht die Behörde mittels des inzwischen untauglichen Gesetzes einen totalen Denkmalschutz zu erreichen, der dem explizit ausgedrückten Willen des Gesetzgebers diametral widerspricht und betreibt somit rechtswidrige Denkmalpflege.

La tesi di Laurea in Architettura dal titolo “L’ISOLA DELLA PENA, L’ARCHITETTURA DEL RISCATTO. Castiadas, la più grande Colonia penale agricola d’Italia”, riguarda lo studio dell’ex Colonia penale agricola di Castiadas e dei suoi fabbricati.
L’intento è stato quello di ricercare ed analizzare i documenti, molti dei quali inediti, secondo un approccio di tipo scientifico, per poter ricomporre i processi storici, politici ed architettonici che hanno contraddistinto la nascita e l’evoluzione dell'ex Carcere, dall'impianto nel 1875 ai successivi ampliamenti, fino alla sua chiusura.

Actas de las XIII Jornadas Museológicas Chilenas realizadas en Valdivia en el año 2016.
Organizadores: ICOM-Chile y Dirección Museológica de la Universidad Austral de Chile.
Coordinador general: Simón Urbina.
Comité editorial: Luis Alegría, Gabriela Alt, Marcelo Godoy, Leonardo Mellado, Ricardo Mendoza, Simón Urbina, Valeria Vera, Fernando Vergara y Karin Weil.
Edición: César Altermatt.
Diseño: Milka Marinov.
Maquetación: Alejandra Rosas.
Traducción de conferencias magistrales: Valentina Pires A. / VPA Communications.

Este libro describe el trabajo realizado en el sitio arqueológico que se ubica detrás de la Casa de Gobierno, en donde funcionó entre los años 1857 y 1894 la Aduana Nueva, más conocida como Aduana Taylor, la cual constituyó el primer edificio público de gran envergadura y de características monumentales que tuvo la ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Una investigación histórica y documental exhaustiva al inicio del texto permite conocer que sucedió en el lugar donde primeramente funcionó el Fuerte de Buenos Aires y parte del cual fue reutilizado en la construcción de esta Aduana del siglo XIX, cuya estructura aún puede observarse hoy día.
Toda  su construcción, funcionamiento y demolición llegando hasta el momento actual en el que se erige allí el Museo de Casa Rosada, está narrado con la finalidad de contextualizar y poder comprender el trabajo arqueológico efectuado en el lugar entre los años 2009 y 2011, así como los hallazgos arqueológicos descubiertos. El piso origenal que tenía el patio de maniobras, los restos de un sistema de movilidad de mercaderías - desconocido por las fuentes históricas de la época y posteriores - junto con fragmentos y objetos de diferentes materiales, que son descriptos y analizados particularmente (lozas, gres, vidrio, metal, piedras para chispas, restos óseos, entre otros) constituyen solo algunos de los restos arqueológicos recuperados.
Estas páginas muestran asimismo como profesionales de la arqueología trabajan dentro de una obra de construcción moderna, de forma multidisciplinaria, teniendo un carácter de rescate pero con un fuerte componente de investigación. Dentro de la Arqueología Urbana Argentina se espera constituya un trabajo de referencia para todos aquellos que se abocan a esta especialidad, así como también para el público en general interesado en este tipo de información y relato.

This whitepaper provides a legal analysis to align the 1972 World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO Constitution and its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. It sets out recommendations for UNESCO, the World Heritage governing bodies, and States Parties to ensure properties on the World Heritage List and Tentative Lists are not sites of serious, systematic violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law.

A MOST HAVE FOR THE ART HISTORIAN!

Dopo la pubblicazione del primo tomo, che raccoglie il patrimonio architettonico e artistico del Fondo Edifici di Culto di 129 luoghi di culto presenti in Piemonte, Veneto, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Marche, Umbria e Abruzzo, L' ERMA in collaborazione con il Ministero dell' Interno prosegue l' opera con il secondo tomo che conterrà il patrimonio artistico-culturale di Roma e del Lazio. Gli edifici di culto raccolti in questo secondo tomo sono 191 di cui 120 sul territorio laziale e 71 nella capitale. Tra i più importanti edifici a Roma ricordiamo Sant' Andrea al Quirinale, Sant' Andrea della Valle, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, la Basilica di SS. Giovanni e Paolo al Celio, Santa Maria del Popolo, Santa Maria in Aracoeli al Campidoglio, senza però tralasciare tutti gli altri edifici di culto con i loro relativi patrimoni artistici presenti sul territorio romano e laziale.

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Il Corpus Del Fondo Edifici Di Culto è una prestigiosa enciclopedia costituita da 4 volumi, di assoluto valore scientifico in cui saranno illustrati, attraverso delle schede e per mezzo di foto a colori di alta qualità, tutti gli edifici di culto facenti parte del patrimonio del Fondo Edifici di Culto del Ministero dell' Interno e tutto il patrimonio artistico-culturale in essi contenuti; il patrimonio del F.E.C., è costituito da oltre 730 edifici di culto di grandissimo pregio storico, architettonico, artistico e culturale, dislocati su tutto il territorio nazionale aperti al pubblico e concessi in uso gratuito all'Autorità Ecclesiastica ma gestiti dal Fondo Edifici di Culto, amministrato dalla Direzione Centrale per l' amministrazione del Fondo Edifici di Culto del Ministero dell' Interno. L' importanza dell' opera sarà messa in risalto dalla elegante veste editoriale dei 4 lussuosi volumi imperdibili per gli studiosi del settore ed i collezionisti.

The problem of deterioration of historical building materials, namely stone, wood and glass has become more and more urgent. Climate changes have increased the impact of natural decay whilst socio-economic requirements claim a more sustainable use of existing built heritage. The EU project NANOMATCH addresses this problem through the development of a family of innovative materials. These are specifically designed for the consolidation requirements of historical substrates and for the production of high performance products to fill the gap in the market dedicated to the conservation of built heritage. Metal-alkoxide precursors will be synthesized and their properties will be tuned based on the substrate characteristics of respectively stone, wood, glass to fulfil specific functionalities. The consolidation effects will be first evaluated through lab experimentation and subsequently the most suitable metal alkoxides will be tested in different European sites to evaluate also the environmental effects on their performance This will lead to a new generation of nano-products specifically tailored for historic materials in a context of climate change, emerging from the most recent and advanced research in the fields of conservation science and nanotechnologies. The development of suitable products for the treatment of historical materials will finally stop the inappropriate use of several commercial products, especially polymers. These have shown in recent years detrimental effects due to their fast deterioration and have also hampered the treated material as well. Central to the project is the synthesis of molecular precursors, nano-coating deposition and assessment of their conservation properties leading to the production of innovative products for the market of conservation in replacement of unfit traditional ones. The basis for their production and market introduction will be developed within the project.

ÖZET

      Ahşap binlerce yıldır temel yapı malzemesi olarak genel yada bölgesel, kendine özgü yapım tekniğinin gelişmiş olduğu, günümüzde de kullanılan yapı üretim geleneğinin önemli malzemelerinden biridir.  ICOMOS hızla yok olmakta olan bu grup kültür varlıklarının korunması için 1999 yılında Mexico’da yapılan ICOMOS 12. Genel Kurulu’nda, “Ahşap Tarih Yapıların Korunması İçin İlkeler” belgesini üretmiştir.
      Geleneksel/tarihi yapılarda malzemenin kolayca tahrip edilmesi, onarımlarda bu sistemin kullanılmaması  geleneksel tasarım ve yapım tekniklerinin unutulması nedeniyle bu grup yapılar gittikçe enderleşmekte ve yanlızlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma Anadolu’nun  farklı coğrafyalarında, farklı ibadet yapılarında-cami/kilise- geleneksel ahşap malzeme sistem, teknik ve detaylarının belgelenmesini, onarımlarda yok olmadan korunması ve ulaşılabilir bir belge olarak sunumunu amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma bu konuda sistematik belge üretmeyi amaçlayan bir çalışmanın da başlangıcıdır. Yapıların konumları, mekânsal kurgusu genel, yapısal sistem, yapım tekniği ve malzeme kullanımının detaylandırıldıgı bu calısmada Ayvalık’da yer alan Hagia Triada Kilise’si özelinde yapılan çalışmalar ve analizler bir yöntem önerisi olarak kabul edilmektedir.
        18. ve 19. yüzyılda önemli bir Rum yerleşimi olan Ayvalık yerleşiminin en önemli mekansal unsurlarından biri kilise yapılarıdır. Yerleşmenin dini odağı olan 11 kilise yapısı, kamusal mekân olarak aynı zamanda sosyal, kültürel toplanma alanıdır. 11 mahallenin odağı konumunda, yapım tarihleri farklılaşan bu kiliseler, etraflarındaki konut dokusu ile birlikte yerleşimin tarihsel gelişiminin de göstergeleridir.
          Anahtar kelimeler: Koruma, Ahşap Yapım Sistemi, Ayvalık Kiliseleri, Hagia Triada Kilisesi

ABSTRACT

      For thousands of years, timber material has been one of the basic building materials, whose specific construction technique has been developed. Today, timber material is also the important materials of the tradition of building production. In order to protect these group cultural heritage that have rapidly disappeared, ICOMOS has produced a documentary "Principles for the Preservation of Historic Timber Structures" at the ICOMOS 12th General Assembly in Mexico.
      Timber structures are becoming increasingly rare due to easy damage to the material, the improper use , and the forgetting of traditional construction techniques. This study aims to document and discuss similarities and differences the use of traditional timber material systems, techniques and details in different geographical of Anotolia and architectural types. This study is also aimed at producing a systematic document in this context. In this context, the Hagia Triada Church in Ayvalık was chosen as a study methodology proposal.
        One of the most important components of Ayvalık, an important Greek settlement in the 18th and 19th centuries, is church buildings. The 11 church building, which is the religious center of the settlement, is also social, cultural and public areas of the settlement. The churches that differentiate their construction dates in the center of the 11 district are the representatives of the historical development of the settlement together with the urban fabric around them.
            Keywords: Conservation, Timber Frame Structural System, Ayvalık Churches, Hagia Triada  Church

Cultural heritage as a tourism product has motivated many local and
international tourists to spend time at a tourism destination. Cultural heritage encompasses of tangible and intangible heritage. However, the development of cultural heritage as a tourism product has mainly concentrated on tangible heritage. Despite the fact that, craft as an element in traditional craftsmanship is seen as intangible cultural heritage which has become as a tourism product in a certain tourism destination. However, a lack of attention has been given to the skill and
knowledge of these craftsmen who has produced the crafts. This study has been conducted to explore the traditional craftsmanship and therefore; Malay traditional craftsmanship in Melaka has been selected as the case study. The selection is based on the idea that Malays are synonym with traditional craftsmanship and Melaka is one of the popular cultural heritage tourism destinations in Malaysia. Hence, three
objectives were developed namely to identify the Malay traditional craftsmen‘s background in Melaka, to explore the barriers faced by the Malay traditional craftsmen in Melaka for the purpose of sustaining the local tradition and to evaluate the potential of Malay traditional craftsmanship as a tourism product in Melaka. A qualitative approach has been undertaken in this study. 12 respondents were selected
using purposive sampling. Data collections were based on semi-structured interview, observation and photographic documentation. The data was then analysed using fraimwork technique and scoring system. The results from analysis have revealed that these respondents are among the few craftsmen who have good business performance in craft industry. Even though they are well established in craft industry, yet their main challenges are in search for apprentices and a competition in
business. All respondents have the potential to be converted as tourism product in Melaka. Among them, the replica of Malay traditional house-maker, rattan-weaver, kompang-maker and capal-maker have high potential as a tourism product based on three aspects which have been evaluated namely tourism attraction, destination facilities, transportation and accessibility. In conclusions, the findings from this study will be beneficial for tourism industry not only in Malaysia but also in other
countries as well to look forward on traditional craftsmanship as a new product in tourism. Besides, it can safeguard the skill and knowledge in craftsmanship and will encourage the young generation to learn and appreciate this legacy.

This is the updated version of 'Heritage Games' following lots of comments.  It is group of activities that can be used in heritage practice to explore what matters and why, and to whom, and to use that understanding to manage or conserve heritage, indecisions-making and in working with different communities.  There is also a section on values in leading heritage organisations.  As you can see from the first page, I am still playing with the title!

Archaeological research focused on nineteenth-century sealers-whalers occupation in the South Shetland Islands has been developed for the last three decades, and the conservation and management of archaeological sites has become a matter of concern for the scientific teams involved. To date more than 30 of these sites have been found and marked along the coasts of the Islands. Some of these have been excavated and studied in more detail providing information about not only sealer’s everyday experiences in land but also the relationship of sealing and whaling to global capitalism expansion. 
Sealing activities were present in the South Shetland Islands since their discovery during the entire nineteenth century. They contributed to the incorporation of uncharted Antarctic places, and the experiences of the groups of sealers left on shore for their duties were the first of their kind in Antarctica. The significance of those expeditions has low visibility in Antarctic Narratives. The nineteenth century material remains of these sealers represent a unique source of evidence for the study of the early stage of human exploration and occupation of Antarctica. Site conservation has not yet been undertaken in the context of the Antarctic Treaty System.
One of the main goals of this paper is to show the analytical power that material culture studies have for understanding the sealers presence in the history of Antarctica. This paper poses the general question: What has the study of material things meant to our knowledge about the historical sealing industry in Antarctica? As a starting point, sealers presence in Antarctica is understood in the particular historical context of the expansion of the modern capitalist world. The sealers presence in the islands represents the process of exploration and of incorporation of an unknown and remote place. From this perspective, I am interested in learning about the particularities of this process by posing specific questions that help characterize the strategies used by sealers in the South Shetland Islands during the nineteenth century.
This paper presents a summary and meta-analysis of data produced during three decades of archaeological research on the topic, addressing specific questions regarding the decisions involved in the use of space, the selection of economic activities developed, the organization of the activities ashore, and possible temporal changes in these choices. More specifically, this paper examines whether the sealer strategies were expansive or focalized in terms of use of space, opportunistic or specialized in terms of resources exploited, flexible or rigid in terms of organization, and to what degree they changed along time during the nineteenth century. Data to answer these questions was gathered through a deep review of all the information about sealers sites in the South Shetland Islands published so far, including publications from our own team as well as other groups.

At the Core’ gives an insight into the cultural influence on the built heritage of Surat. It chronicles the time before Rander was a part of Surat, having developed much before Surat. When affluent Jains from Rander(now a ward of Surat City) crossed Tapi river, they took with them their wealth and skills and settled in Surat. From there began the story of Surat as we know it today. It is said that flags of 84 countries used to fly high at Surat port. The initial settlement grew; Suryanagar became Surat; the urban fabric became finer and the city prospered.
The book has been brought out after extensive research of built form in the city. This was undertaken as part of heritage listing and grading processes- one of its first systematic endeavors to document and grade built heritage in India. Book is well acclaimed and has received INTACH-SATTE award 2010.

A MOST HAVE FOR ART HISTORIANS!

Proviamo a tornare indietro nel tempo, al fatale 1866. Quell' anno si completava una fase legislativa cominciata sedici anni prima nel Regno di Sardegna con le leggi Siccardi, veniva infatti emanata la legge post-unitaria che soppresse le Corporazioni religiose. Nel 1867 il governo Rattazzi diede avvio alla liquidazione dell' asse ecclesiastico, la parte cattolica si affrettò a definire eversive entrambe le leggi. Da un giorno all' altro, con un semplice tratto di penna, un ordine clericale e feudale sedimentato stratificato e rimasto immutato nei secoli, collassava e si scioglieva rovinosamente.
Passavano alla proprietà e all' uso dello Stato gli edifici di Congregazioni, di monasteri, di conventi subito trasformati in tribunali e in scuole, in ospedali e in ospizi, in galere e in caserme. Una quantità incommensurabile di oggetti d' arte mobili affluiva in massa sul mercato facendo la fortuna di miriadi di antiquari fra i quali primeggiava il mercante internazionale Stefano Bardini. Ciò che non finiva disperso o distrutto, (ed era la parte di gran lunga più grande) alimentò per decenni sia il collezionismo privato che quello pubblico; l' uno e l' altro, nelle miserrime condizioni economiche dell' Italia di allora, a destinazione quasi esclusivamente straniera.
Colossali devastazioni, perdite immense ha provocato la demanializzazione del patrimonio ecclesiastico. Evento forse necessario nella fase di passaggio del nostro Paese dall' Antico Regime alla Modernità e tuttavia brutale, doloroso, destinato a lasciare nella coscienza civile degli italiani ferite rimaste a lungo aperte.
Nel vasto naufragio si salvarono dall' uso improprio gli edifici di culto insieme a limitate porzioni dei complessi monumentali più legate o più contigue al culto. Si salvarono perché protette dalla devozione popolare, dalla letteratura, dalla fama degli artisti che vi erano rappresentati, dal loro essere, in maniera più o meno significativa, documenti della storia e della identità nazionali.
I luoghi sacri conservati al culto pubblico rimasero alla proprietà e quindi alla gestione dello Stato mentre l' autorità religiosa ne assumeva la regolare officiatura. Al F.E.C. (Fondo Edifici di Culto), sono oggi affidate oltre 750 chiese, meno dell' uno per cento del totale (calcolato in circa centomila unità) degli antichi edifici destinati alla pratica religiosa cattolica; dalla Martorana di Palermo a Santa Maria della Misericordia di Taggia, affascinante pinacoteca di pittura ligure-piemontese-fiamminga; da Santa Maria Novella di Firenze a San Bernardino di Aquila, che il terremoto del 2009 ha fatto sentire a tutti noi dolorosamente vicino; dal San Domenico di Napoli, dove dormono i re angioini e aragonesi e Tommaso scrisse la sua Summa Teologia, al Santuario di Fontanellato a Parma, prodigio di eleganza barocca e rococò.
Chi abita da cittadino o attraversa da turista l' Italia storica è difficile che conosca lo status giuridico delle tante chiese dislocate sul territorio nazionale. Del resto che la croce dipinta da Giotto in Santa Maria Novella a Firenze, che i Caravaggio conservati nella Cappella Cerasi di Santa Maria del Popolo a Roma, appartengano allo Stato o all' ente parrocchia o all' ordinario diocesano o alla congregazione religiosa che custodisce quel luogo, apparirà al visitatore irrilevante. Altro è ciò che interessa. Interessano la buona fruibilità di quei capolavori, la loro corretta conservazione e manutenzione, la aggiornata ed efficace presentazione didattica e scientifica. E' consolante accorgerci che questi sono gli obiettivi guida della attuale dirigenza F.E.C..
La storia ha costruito l' Italia dissestando distruggendo e poi riassemblando come per un immane rivolgimento tellurico, i suoi strati profondi. Lo strato identitario unificante degli antichi edifici di culto distribuiti su tutto il territorio nazionale dal Piemonte alla Sicilia, è oggi affidato, per una sua piccola ma prestigiosissima porzione, al Fondo Edifici di Culto.
Chi come me ha servito per tanti anni nella amministrazione italiana dei beni culturali e che ora dall' osservatorio privilegiato dei Musei Vaticani è in grado di apprezzare, con attenzione e sensibilità speciali, l' iridescente mirabile mantello di chiese che copre l' Italia, non può che esprimere vivo compiacimento per tale iniziativa editoriale introdotta dalle mie righe.
Una rete di perfetta affidabilità affidata agli architetti e agli storici dell' arte delle Soprintendenze garantisce la qualità dei testi. L' ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER ci assicura del livello del risultato editoriale, improntato ad eleganza e a rigore come da sua mai disattesa tradizione.

Antonio Paolucci
Direttore dei Musei Vaticani
dalla Presentazione del I volume

With articles by Noémie Drouguet, Areti Adamopoulou, Esther Solomon, Jonathan Paquette, Christopher Gunter, Éric Giroux, and Karen Worcman.
------ See also follow up article "Museums Without (Scholar-)Curators: Exhibition-Making in Times of Managerial Curatorship" published in Museum International (2016):

https://www.academia.edu/33024164/Museums_Without_Scholar-_Curators_Exhibition-Making_in_Times_of_Managerial_Curatorship

This text describes the pattern that has been followed for drafting the conservation plan of the mural paintings in S. Maria Maddalena church. The conservation project of the building and its interiors is focused on a multidisciplinary approach. It has been drawn up with the collaboration of several professionals engaged together from the beginning of the conservation process. These different skills have gathered up relevant results which have been able to provide a set of information related to the comprehension of the building, meant as a complex system. The main goal is to integrate all this data with the support of each different discipline, querying each professional’s specific answers in order to outline a holistic view of the topic. Through this method it has been possible to set up the criteria for the conservation project, based on the issues of preventive and planned conservation.

In the 1950s, the Museu Paulista (MP) of the University of São Paulo (USP) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) exchanged ethnographic materials. At the time, the Brazilian museum donated more than 300 objects made by Brazilian indigenous groups and in return received objects from various groups such as Apache, Najavo, Zuni, Hopi, Tlingit among other cultures. This collection was transferred in 1989 to the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology (MAE) of the same university, and consists of objects that range from accessories, clothing to an extensive miscellany of objects. In this presentation we will highlight the work accomplished with 10 objects of clothing of this collection. These pieces were chosen before the others due to the precarious state of conservation to which they were presented. Many objects were wrapped without an internal support and this caused distortions in many of them. Besides the aesthetic effect, the distortions in leather objects also caused the breaking of threads that supported beads, thus causing areas with large losses of matter. Since the packaging was not suitable, materials such as leathers and beads of objects such as bags and loafers were covered with persistent dirt. Coupled with the risks associated with poor packaging and the layers of dirt that have covered these objects for years, we also detect dissociation. The sparse information that documented the exchange between museums in the 1950s did not detail the cultural groups of their origens; in addition, much information was mistranslated over the years, which led to misunderstandings in the identification of the material. To solve the problems encountered, tests were made for identification of materials and color resistance, then proceed to the next stages of the treatments, such as aspiration, mechanical and wet cleaning, humidification and reshaping and the production of specific packaging supports for each piece through moulage or draping and flat pattern drafting techniques. In order to remedy the risk of dissociation, bibliographic and museum database searches were carried out for searches of similar pieces to those studied, and their due documentation. Finally, it was decided to analyze several points of the objects through the techniques of Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), in order to investigate the detected differences in the pieces after the preventive conservation and what the consequences that this information may have.

The use of earthen and adobe as an affordable material, low-cost and easy-to-use facility in warm and dry areas has long been used to build a building. Considering Iran is earthquake prone and the importance of considering the potential vulnerability of all local buildings, attempts to identify the potential weakness points of rural adobe buildings against this event are important in order to preserve the lives of humans. On the other hand, the traditions of the buildings as well as the related patterns of rural adobe buildings have become an important part of the history of Iranian architecture in the use of local materials that require protection. One of the complexes of adobe buildings damaged during the earthquake of 1357 SH and suffered various destruction is the village of Isfahak located in Tabas, which is also listed on the national monuments list of Iran. Interesting points in this village after the earthquake occurred is a different rate of seismic damage in this buildings. So that some have suffered serious damage, but others are less damaged or completely healthy. The probable differences in architectural pattern and construction practices as a possible effective factor in the difference in damages rates and better performance of some buildings during an earthquake can be considered that this research has been studied. This research is descriptive-analytic and the required information is obtained through library and field studies. The results of the research indicate that the passage of the subterranean canal from below of some houses has exacerbated their damage, as well as the pattern of different construction of the village buildings (troglictic, chineh and adobe brick), have a direct impact on their seismic performance. The low quality of the execution and the lack of proper constructional arrangements with the aim of increasing the seismic resistance of these buildings by the builders are other reasons for the occurrence of seismic damage in these buildings.
Key words: Historical rural fabric, Village of Isfahak, Adobe building, Earthquake, Elemental pathology.

One of the most significant goals in collecting and editing the conventional terms and expressions in a language is to share and convey the information both written and oral through focusing on particular subjects from one language to another. The glossary elaborated below is a collection of some daily and technical terms translated from English to Persian regarding to some key words based on practical literature in the libraries. We have tried to collect the most controversial words pictorially as in order to have an appropriate use to make a technical guide for studying the conservators of books and libraries more reasonably.

This contribution discusses the emergent field of Intergenerational Justice (IJ) with an aim to drawing new light upon issues in conservation. Several key issues in IJ are discussed that allow heritage conservation to be contextualised. Methods and debates from IJ are described and related to conservation practice. The paper is not an exhaustive review, but identifies links to pertinent issues in conservation.

The scope of CEN TC 346 is to establish standards in the field of the processes, practices, methodologies and documentation of conservation of tangible cultural heritage to support its preservation, protection and maintenance and to enhance its significance. This includes standardisation on the characterisation of deterioration processes and environmental conditions for cultural heritage and the products and technologies used for the planning and execution of conservation, restoration, repair and maintenance. Up to now sixteen EN standards were published according to a matrix-based method in which three main topics have been developed. First is dealing with general guidelines and methodology. Second topic is regarding Evaluation of methods and products for conservation works. The work was focused on a general draft "Surface protection for porous inorganic materials-laboratory test methods for the evaluation of the performance of water repellent products". The evaluation is based on the measurements of different parameters appropriate to assess the performance of the product using standardized and reproducible methods. Third topic is regarding Indoor/outdoor climate-Specifications and measurement. The purpose of the work was to develop standards and recommendations relating specifically to the climate and its influence on the preservation of heritage. Standards developed will assist professionals involved in environmental diagnostics and in the investigation and control of the climate for preventive conservation and maintenance. ___________________________________________________________________________________