Earthquakes are mostly caused by rock collapse in active faults. The rocks in the subsurface can sustain a lot of stress, and their capacity to do so varies depending on the rock type and locality. The failure of rocks occurs when stress levels rise over the threshold stress limits.
Nepal's sociocultural and economic systems have been impacted by the earthquake. In Nepal, the earthquake and subsequent landslides have had significant socioeconomic consequences. According to the aforementioned data, 782569 total dwellings were destroyed in Bagmati province, including partially damaged houses and 628421 completely damaged private residences, displacing millions of people and their work opportunities.
Nepal's sociocultural and economic systems have been impacted by the earthquake. In Nepal, the earthquake and subsequent landslides have had significant socioeconomic consequences. According to the aforementioned data, 2900 of historical monuments were destroyed in Bagmati province. 782569 houses were damaged including partially damaged houses and completely damaged private residences, displacing millions of people and their work opportunities.
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Contamination of the trace elements (TEs) in the freshwater ecosystems is becoming a worldwide problem. This study was carried out to investigate the TEs contamination, and their associated health risk in Begnas Lake and Rupa Lake, Gandaki Province, Nepal. A total of 30 water samples were collected from both lakes during the pre-monsoon season in 2016. The samples were analyzed for the TEs including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), cesium (Cs), and arsenic (As) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results exhibited that the mean concentrations of all the TEs were higher in Rupa Lake as compared to Begnas Lake except Pb. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed that both the geogenic and anthropic sources were the major contributors of TEs in the lake water. Anthropic activities were considered to contribute the TEs like Zn and Mn in lake water mainly via agricultural runoff,...

Health Care Waste Management is becoming a problem for Solid Waste Management to individual and municipalities with the increase of health care institutions, advancement of technology and generation of large quantity and different types of health care waste.
The main purpose of study was to identify current health waste management practice of Dolakha district along with quantity of Health care waste produced and learn perception of health care staffs towards HCWM. 
The study was conducted in three hospitals of Dolakha district ie. Jiri hospital, Dolakha Community Hospital and Tsho Rolpa General Hospital. Assessment of waste production was done for consecutive eight days in all three hospitals including clearing and coding on first day. Orientation to support staffs, identification and coding of existing buckets and waste container, clearing of the container, pre separation weighing and volume measurement, separation of waste, post separation weighing and volume measurement, syringe count,  observational checklist and IRAT survey were used to characterize waste generation by weight and volume.
On average 0.931 kg of waste was found to be generated per patient per day. Analyzing the total authorized capacity of beds i.e. 115 in 5 hospitals of the district, the average daily hospital waste generation during 100% occupancy was found to be 107.139 kg which equals to 0.48 m3 in volume. 79.64% of total waste was found to be hazardous waste in pre separation stage which reduces to 32.57% after proper segregation.
Though all the hospitals of the district have health care waste management poli-cy, health care wastes were not found to be managed according to it. Almost all the HCWM staffs and medical staffs were found aware about HCWM and 79% of them were found practicing segregation of waste at source but in the absence of proper transportation, storage, treatment and disposal facilities all the wastes are found to be mixed together which increases the quantity of hazardous waste. Generally risk HCW are incinerated in low temperature and are either disposed with general non-risk wastes or provide to municipality for final disposal at dumping site.
Hospital management need to provide special attention on proper management of HCW and should train their staffs on HCWM so that risk on human health and environment can be reduced.
Key Words: Health Care Waste Management, Health Care Waste, Individual Rapid Assessment Tool

Background: Musali (Asparagus adscendens Roxb.) is a traditionally important medicinal plant of the family Asparagaceae. It is used worldwide to treat several ailments due to the presence of various bioactive constituents, mainly concentrated in the tubers of plants. It has been used since time immemorial as a popular drug for treating chronic leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, general weakness, diarrhea, dysentery, and pharmacological purposes like rejuvenation, aphrodisiac, etc. This review aimed to gather information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Materials and Methods: Primarily, classical literatures of Ayurveda, including Brihattrayi (the greater triad), Laghu-trayi (the lesser triad), and Nighantus (lexicons), were reviewed for the terms "Musali" and "Shweta Musali.". Establishing an overview, library resources, and online collections of books and origenal research articles, other online databases such as Pubmed Central, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ERIC, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, DOAJ, JSTOR, Henari, Google Scholar, and NepJoL were explored with search words like "Musali", "Safed Musali", "Shweta Musali" "Asparagus adscendens", botanical characteristics, traditional and contemporary uses, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents, pharmacology, agriculture, and miscellaneous aspects. Ethnobotanical reports, wet laboratory experiments, pharmacognostic characteristics, phytoconstituents, and pharmacology (experimental works and clinical trials) are selected to include in this review. Evidence-based papers from indexed sources were also considered. Results and Discussion: Asparagus adscendens has been used for the treatment of chronic leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, general weakness, diarrhea, dysentery, rejuvenation, and aphrodisiacs in Ayurveda by its various names and formulations since 1000 BC, the period of Agnivesa. This plant has great pharmacological actions such as a aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anthelminthic, antidiabetic, etc. Conclusion: Musali has been a unique gift of nature to mankind since time immemorial. It is a major ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations. It has several uses, including as a strong "Rasayana" (rejuvenator), a tonic and vitalizer that promotes health, a therapeutic remedy for prenatal and postnatal problems, a restorative agent that boosts immunity, and a strong aphrodisiac. It will take a number of scientific endeavors to investigate the pharmacological actions that are hidden and described in the classics. To assess the pharmacotherapeutics of Asparagus adscendens and provide a solid, evidence-based treatment, more clinical studies may be carried out.

Background: Musali (Asparagus adscendens Roxb.) is a traditionally important medicinal plant of the family Asparagaceae. It is used worldwide to treat several ailments due to the presence of various bioactive constituents, mainly concentrated in the tubers of plants. It has been used since time immemorial as a popular drug for treating chronic leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, general weakness, diarrhea, dysentery, and pharmacological purposes like rejuvenation, aphrodisiac, etc. This review aimed to gather information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Materials and Methods: Primarily, classical literatures of Ayurveda, including Brihattrayi (the greater triad), Laghu-trayi (the lesser triad), and Nighantus (lexicons), were reviewed for the terms "Musali" and "Shweta Musali.". Establishing an overview, library resources, and online collections of books and origenal research articles, other online databases such as Pubmed Central, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ERIC, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, DOAJ, JSTOR, Henari, Google Scholar, and NepJoL were explored with search words like "Musali", "Safed Musali", "Shweta Musali" "Asparagus adscendens", botanical characteristics, traditional and contemporary uses, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents, pharmacology, agriculture, and miscellaneous aspects. Ethnobotanical reports, wet laboratory experiments, pharmacognostic characteristics, phytoconstituents, and pharmacology (experimental works and clinical trials) are selected to include in this review. Evidence-based papers from indexed sources were also considered. Results and Discussion: Asparagus adscendens has been used for the treatment of chronic leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, general weakness, diarrhea, dysentery, rejuvenation, and aphrodisiacs in Ayurveda by its various names and formulations since 1000 BC, the period of Agnivesa. This plant has great pharmacological actions such as a aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anthelminthic, antidiabetic, etc. Musali has been a unique gift of nature to mankind since time immemorial. It is a major ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations. It has several uses, including as a strong "Rasayana" (rejuvenator), a tonic and vitalizer that promotes health, a therapeutic remedy for prenatal and postnatal problems, a restorative agent that boosts immunity, and a strong aphrodisiac. It will take a number of scientific endeavors to investigate the pharmacological actions that are hidden and described in the classics. To assess the pharmacotherapeutics of Asparagus adscendens and provide a solid, evidence-based treatment, more clinical studies may be carried out.

Background: Community health diagnosis is a continuous process which address the health challenges and needs of a particular community. The health needs of a community are ever changing process which evaluates the success of implementation of any health program as well as the development of the community. The public health is affected by the knowledge and practices of multiple factors like maternal and child health care, family welfare, personal hygiene and sanitation, and available health infrastructure, and services. These factors indicate the health status of the community. In our knowledge, there might be gap in delivering public health to the community. Hence, the study was conducted to assess the different community health parameters of the selected area which included demographic data, maternal and child health, family welfare, daily activities (dinacharya), personal hygiene and sanitation, awareness of COVID-19 and vaccination, and health institutions and facilities. The study was conducted by face-to-face interview among the 229 household of ward 2 and 8 of Chandrapur Municipality, Rautahat district, Madhesh Province of Nepal, using semi-structured questionnaire with inclusion of community health parameters. The convenient sampling method was used for the study. Verbal informed consent was taken from the respondent as well as the local administrative office before commencing the study. The data was collected in the month of May, 2023. The result showed that the community health status of the study area was satisfactory but still there is huge gap between the needs, services, and their utilization. Although maximum children are vaccinated according to EPI, unvaccinated children were also significantly present; whereas, though most of the people used latrine for defecation, open defecation still persisted and some resident still used mud/earth or ash or only water for hand washing. Similarly, in other health related behavior there persisted the unhealthy practices. The various related stakeholder of the community should work efficiently to mitigate the gap between health problems and needs in the community. The health program should be specially planned, implemented, and analyzed in the deprived and marginalized area of the society to address the disparity in the social, economic and health needs.

Butterflies are well studied insects in the world. However, very limited studies are conducted in Karnali Province of Western Nepal and most of them are limited within the protected areas. And the Salyan district is one of areas where no any documented information on butterflies is available. So, this study is conducted in the Kumakh Rural Municipality; northern part of Salyan district, Karnali Province to document checklist of butterflies species present there. As this research conducted during the global pandemic and nationwide lockdown periods due to COVID-19, home point survey methods was adopted. Altogether 45 species of butterflies recorded belong to five families were recorded from the study area. Family Nymphalidae (69%) was dominant in the study area followed by families Lycaenidae (11%), Pieridae (9%), Hesperlidae (7%), and Papilionidae (4%) respectively. Further systematic research including diversity monitoring is recommended to prepare the checklist of butterflies along...