Videos by Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This video lecture discusses the various instruments used in nasal surgical procedures. A must r... more This video lecture discusses the various instruments used in nasal surgical procedures. A must read before board exams. 6 views
This video lecture discusses the topic "Role of X-rays in Otolaryngology". A must view before ta... more This video lecture discusses the topic "Role of X-rays in Otolaryngology". A must view before taking up board exams. 9 views
Papers by Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
University Journal of Surgery and Surgical Specialities, Nov 12, 2015
Cementifying Fibroma is a benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaw bones. It arises from the mesenc... more Cementifying Fibroma is a benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaw bones. It arises from the mesenchymal cells of the periodontal ligament. It is a common occurrence in the mandible, and quite rare in the maxilla. It is usually a slow growing, well-circumscribed mass encountered in the middle-aged adult (with female sex predilection). The most closely related differential diagnosis for this condition is fibrous dysplasia (apart from the other histo-pathological variants of this condition such as Ossifying Fibroma, Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma). The two conditions differ in their radiological presentations, approach to their management and natural history of the disease (with and without treatment). The clinical, radiological and histo-pathological features of a patient with Cementying Fibroma of the Right Maxilla who presented herself in our OutPatient Department has been described along with a detailed account of the treatment plan adopted for her. An elaborate discussion follows, based on review of literature.
Choana is also known as posterior nasal aperture. Nasal airway continues with that of posterior n... more Choana is also known as posterior nasal aperture. Nasal airway continues with that of posterior nares. Air from nasal cavity finds its way into the lungs via the choanal apertures. In some children the choana may be congenitally closed. This causes either total (bilateral choanal atresia) or partial (unilateral choanal atreisa) nasal obstruction. Child being obligate nasal breathers, find it rather difficult to breathe when there is bilateral choanal atresia. This is more so during the first 6 weeks of life. Hence bilateral choanal atresia should be considered as an emergency in paediatric age group. This article attempts to discuss the etiopathology and management of this condition.
This article discusses the importance of anesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery. Bloodless field ... more This article discusses the importance of anesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery. Bloodless field is rather vital during endoscopic sinus surgical procedures. Advantages of having a bloodless field during sugery are: reduced incidence of complications, reduced operating time. Major aim of anesthetist in FESS should be to reduce blood pressure to such a level that bleeding is minimized. This article discusses the importance of anesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery. Major aim of anesthetist in FESS should be to reduce blood pressure to such a level that bleeding is minimized. The other aspect of reducing bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgical procedure is preparation of nasal mucous membrane. Various steps that can be followed to reduce bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery are: 1. Mucosal preparation 2. Hypotensive anaesthesia 3. Positioning of the patient 4. Good anatomical knowledge 5. Use of proper instruments
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Feb 6, 2012
Grommet insertion the commonest surgical procedure next only to circumcision is usually performed... more Grommet insertion the commonest surgical procedure next only to circumcision is usually performed using an operating microscope 1. Authors have been using 4 mm 0 degree nasal endoscopes to perform this procedure during the last 5 years. This is a report of their experience in using endoscope inlieu of microscope in performing this surgery. This study makes a comparative analysis of Endoscopic Grommet insertion viz a viz Microscopic Grommet insertion. For this comparative analysis one year (2009) data base of Government Stanley Medical College Chennai India was used. This study reveals that Endoscopic Grommet insertion compared favorably with Microscopic Grommet insertion in all aspects with certain obvious advantages. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Otolaryngology Online Journal, Aug 25, 2013
Fungal infections of nose and paranasal sinuses are getting common these days. Nose and paranasal... more Fungal infections of nose and paranasal sinuses are getting common these days. Nose and paranasal sinuses being constantly exposed to environmental insults causing them to be infected. With increasing incidence of diseases like HIV and life style disorders like Diabetes Mellitus compromises host immunity, that it is no wonder that the incidence of fungal infections involving the nose and sinuses are on the rise. In addition the incidence of fungal infections in immunocompetent persons are also on the rise. This article attempts to review the published literature available on this topic concurrently along with our experience on this subject. In Indian scenario the incidence of fungal infections involving the nasal cavity has shown an increase. There is also a significant increase in the incidence of fungal infections involving the nose and sinuses even in immunocompetent individuals. Increased use of advanced imaging techniques like CT scan, MRI, and Nasal endoscopes have increased the awareness of Rhinologist to this disease spectrum.
Gingival hyperplasia / hypertrophy is a rather common condition. This article reviews literature ... more Gingival hyperplasia / hypertrophy is a rather common condition. This article reviews literature pertaining only to gingival overgrowth following drug ingestion. A wide range of causes have been attributed to gingival overgrowth. Drug induced overgrowth commonly occurs following medications prescribed for non dental causes. Pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth following ingestion of certain drugs is still unsure. Certain high risk co existant factors like presence of gingivitis has been implicated. Management of this condition should take into consideration the condition for which the offending drug has been prescribed. Physicians should be aware of drugs that could cause gingival overgrowth in order to identify and manage this problem.
ABSTRACT The term odontogenic keratocyst was first described by Philipsen in 1956. This cyst actu... more ABSTRACT The term odontogenic keratocyst was first described by Philipsen in 1956. This cyst actually arises from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw but is commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Since the clinical features and radiological appearance are not characteristic this condition is commonly misdiagnosed. This is more so when the lesion is related to the nonvital tooth. Odontogenic keratocyst has been rechristened as keratocystic odontogenic tumor by WHO working group in 2005. This was necessitated to differentiate this lesion from its orthokeratinizing variant which is currently considered as odontogenic cyst. This case report discusses odontogenic keratocyst of mandible. Introduction:
This article discusses the author's experience in managing fibrous dysplasia of faciomaxillar... more This article discusses the author's experience in managing fibrous dysplasia of faciomaxillary region. Data was accumulated from 2005 – 2011. All these cases were managed by the author. Commonest bone involved by fibrous dysplasia was maxilla (Literature search did not reveal any female preponderance in monostotic fibrous dysplasia15)In the author's series all of them were females. All of them were monostotic fibrous dysplasia. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
This article attempts to analyze all cases of odontogenic cysts involving upper jaw who presented... more This article attempts to analyze all cases of odontogenic cysts involving upper jaw who presented at Stanley Medical college during 2007 – 2012. This article analyzes the incidence of these cysts during the above said period, age of occurence, sex prediliction if any, clinical presentations and optimal treatment modality. Common complaints with which patients presented to our Institution was swelling over jaw, next was loosening of dentition, paresthesia. 30 patients had presented with cysts involving upper jaw out of which 29 were females and one was male. All these patients underwent surgical removal of the cystic lesion. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Fractures involving frontal bone are rather uncommon. Injuries to this bone is rather critical be... more Fractures involving frontal bone are rather uncommon. Injuries to this bone is rather critical because of its proximity to brain. This article attempts to discuss this topic with focus its prevalence, its causes and various treatment modalities available. Three crucial areas need to be addressed. They include anterior table, posterior table and frontal sinus outflow tract. Posterior table fractures are usually associated with anterior table fractures and CSF leak. Hence these patients should be treated as head injury cases. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Blow out fracture of orbit involves fracture of orbital floor without fracture of infraorbital ri... more Blow out fracture of orbit involves fracture of orbital floor without fracture of infraorbital rim. This injury is common from frontal blow to orbit. Frontal blow to orbit causes increased intraorbital tension causing fracture of floor of the orbit (weak point) with prolapse of orbital content into the maxillary sinus cavity. This causes enophthalmos and diplopia. Infraorbital rim is not involved in pure blow out fracture, it is also involved then it should be considered as an impure blow out fracture [3]. Entrapment of inferior rectus muscle between the fracture fragments will cause diplopia in these patients. This article discusses a novel endoscopic internal reduction of fractured fragments. Main advantage of endoscopic approach is the lack of facial skin incision. It is cosmetically acceptable. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
This is a case report of a rather rare disorder i.e. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. This is caused by Vari... more This is a case report of a rather rare disorder i.e. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. This is caused by Varicella zoster infections involving geniculate ganglion of facial nerve. This syndrome is manifested by the presence of blebs in the external auditory canal, ear ache, and lower motor neurone type of facial paralysis. This patient had excellent recovery following administration of oral steroids and acyclovir. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
This article is an attempt to justify its title. Why do we compare the neck to a Pandora's bo... more This article is an attempt to justify its title. Why do we compare the neck to a Pandora's box is what we intend to explain and prove. It is a description of the series of surprises that presented to us in a patient who came to our OPD with complaints of a neck swelling. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Aim of our study is to compare the efficacy and safety of coblation adenoidectomy versus conventi... more Aim of our study is to compare the efficacy and safety of coblation adenoidectomy versus conventional cold steel adenoidectomy. The study design included 40 children between age groups 4 – 8. Twenty of these children underwent coblation adenoidectomy while the other group of 20 underwent conventional cold steel adenoidectomy. The parameters taken into consideration for comparison included Post operative pain, operating time, intraoperative bleeding and presence of residual adenoid tissue 6 weeks after surgery. In this study the coblation group demonstrated less post operative pain, less intraoperative bleeding and more complete removal of adenoid tissue. Operative time was found to be significantly higher in coblation group when compared to conventional cold steel adenoidectomy group. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve can be a real challenge to the surgeon operating in its area. This ... more The recurrent laryngeal nerve can be a real challenge to the surgeon operating in its area. This article highlights the normal anatomy, anatomical variants and ways to identify the nerve as the consequences of its injury can have a life changing impact on both the patient and the surgeon. It should be borne in mind that the anatomy of recurrent laryngeal nerve differs between both sides. These anatomical differences between the course of the nerve on both sides could be attributed to the embryological development which varies between sides. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Hashimoto thyroditis is an organ specific autoimmune disorder. Initially described Hakaru Hash-im... more Hashimoto thyroditis is an organ specific autoimmune disorder. Initially described Hakaru Hash-imotoa century ago is now the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient are-as of the world. But still the pathogenesis is not fully understood. With higher incidence among female population HT develops as a result of in-teraction between the genetic factors and environmental factors in susceptible individuals. HT is associated with other autoimmune disorders. Now many variants of HT have been identified: classical form, fibrous variant, IgG4 variant, juve-nile form, hashitoxicosis and silent thyroiditis (sporadic or postpartum). All variants of HT are characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, destruction and atropy of thyroid gland ultimately thyroid failure though each entity has specific other features. Clinically HT can also present as euthyroid or even hyperthyroid state with or without goiter. Diagnosis is based on the clinical features, demonstration of antibodies ag...
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Videos by Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Papers by Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
The advent of technology has revolutionized the landscape of education and Learning Management Systems (LMS) have emerged as indispensable tools for educators worldwide. Among these, Moodle stands out as a robust, flexible, and open-source platform that empowers teachers to create engaging and effective online learning experiences.
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that this would be a good starting point for these scholars. The following
chapters have been included:
Chapters:
1. Introduction to Thesis Writing
2. Choosing a Topic and Developing a Thesis Statement
3. Conducting Literature Review
4. Methodology and Data Collection
5. Writing the Introduction and Background of Your Thesis
6. Presenting Your Findings and Analysis
7. Writing the Discussion and Conclusion of Your Thesis
8. Formatting and Structuring Your Thesis
9. Referencing and Citations
10. Defending Your Thesis: Preparing for the Viva Voce
11. Revising and Editing Your Thesis
12. Time Management and Staying on Track
13. Overcoming Writer's Block and Staying Motivated
14. Using Technology and Tools to Enhance Your Thesis Writing Process
15. Publishing Your Thesis and Next Steps.
16. Data visualization
17. Statistical tools
This book also contains tips about choosing an ideal thesis topic. It also warns the student about the various pitfalls involved in choosing a research topic.
The topic on referencing citations would be very useful for even a novice
researcher.
This book also introduces the researcher to the myriad of software tools that are available to the scholar. Using these software tools would make the life of the researcher that much easier.
Target audience:
Post graduate students in otolaryngology
Practicing otolaryngologists
Post graduate students in Radiology
Axial, coronal and sagittal views of CT nose and sinuses are discussed for various pathological processes. Readers will be exposed to the art of viewing CT images sequentially.
Separate chapters have been devoted to the description of CT anatomy including various anatomical variations.
Reader will be able to have a clear understanding of how to go about reading a CT sequential images of nose and paranasal sinuses. Lot of emphasis is placed on the art of reading coronal sections because this is the actual endoscopic view of the nasal cavity encountered by the surgeon. Towards this end 2 mm sections of coronal CT
images have been included with appropriate description.
Since this book has been authored by an Otolaryngologist, the entire content of this book will be from the prespective of an otolaryngologist.
The learning curve is also pretty steep. The text books available are found to be woefully inadequate
in imparting practical knowledge as far as operative techniques are concerned. This book has been
authored with the intention of imparting practical knowledge and skills from the field of operative
otolaryngology.
This book contains various topics including basic surgical techniques. The author has ensured that
recent surgical techniques are discussed in a detailed manner. Otolaryngology surgery is very demanding and instrument intensive. Major novelties as far as surgical instruments are concerned had
taken place in the field of otolaryngology. These instruments are discussed in detailed manner in
this book.
The topics are organized under the following heads:
Otology
Rhinology
Laryngology
This book will help in training the post graduates not only the basic surgical skills but also in advanced surgical techniques in otolaryngology
This book fills up an important gap that existed
in the post graduate learning resource. Otolaryngologist had a poor insight as far as this topic is
concerned. The author feels that all practicing otolaryngologist should have a basic understanding of
hearing aid, how it functions, and how to prescribe
them. More than anything else they should also be
aware about the limitations of the hearing aid.
This book should enlighten the students of otolaryngology on this vital topic. This topic is a little
bit boring because of the physics involved. The
author wishes to allay the fears of the student that
prior knowledge of acoustic and electro-physics is
not needed. All the basic stuff have been explained
on a need to know basis with clear illustrations.
Standard text books in otolaryngology don’t cover
this topic with clarity leaving the otolaryngologist
to fend for themselves when it comes to hearing
aids.
The author feels a practicing otologist should have
a clear understanding of the concept of hearing
aids and the development that have been taking
place in this field. Clear idea of this topic will
ensure that the otologist to whom the patient first
lands up give proper guidance to the patient. Otologist should also be in a position to offer alternate
non invasive options of improving the patient’s
hearing. The author is of the opinion that proper
motivation of the patient to use hearing aids will
help them to avoid risky surgical procedures to
improve hearing in otosclerosis.
As far as sensorineural hearing loss hearing aid
happens to be the only viable solution that is available to the patient. The author also wishes to stress
on the importance of using bilateral hearing aids in
patients with bilateral hearing loss (be it conductive
or sensorineural hearing loss).
This book attempts to impart vital knowledge on
this topic using below upwards concept, making
it easy for a novice to understand the topic. The
author hopes that this book will be useful to the
students of otolaryngology as well as the practitioners of otolaryngology.
Publishing software. Users who want to get
their work published and who wants to have a
full control of the layout of their manuscript
should read this book. This book covers all
the basic concepts involved in creating Page
Layout using Desktop Publishing software.
Even though the software used is Scribus, the
concept is rather universal and can be applied
to other software like Adobe in Design also.
Currently otological surgery has expanded into the cerebellopontine angle areas. It is thus imperative for the surgeon to be familiar with management of facial nerve in the angle as well as the temporal bone and neck.
Peripheral facial paralysis resulting from affection of the 7th cranial nerve is the most common cranial nerve lesion. Its incidence ranges from 20-30 cases per 100,000 people. Commonest cause for facial nerve paralysis happens to be the idiopathic Bell’s palsy. Trauma is the second most frequent cause.
A surgeon should guard against idiopathic causes of facial paralysis which include middle ear surgical procedures, and parotid surgeries. It should also be stressed that a surgeon should not fear the nerve but instead should attempt to use it as a road map during surgeries. With the easy availability of operating microscopes and magnification loups things have become easy for the surgeon. Identification of the location of the nerve becomes easier under good illumination and magnification. In addition, the widespread availability of facial nerve monitors has helped the surgeon in protecting this vital nerve during the surgical procedure.
This e book also covers topics pertaining to surgical anatomy of the nerve, clinical features of facial nerve paralysis, electrophysiology, and management modalities that needs to be followed in managing these patients.
Otolaryngologists have started experimenting with this tool. This book shares the author’s views and experience with this unique tool. Eventhough currently this equipment is extensively used for performing adenotonsillectomy, it has other quite potent uses in rhinology and laryngology. Complete knowledge of the physics of plasma which is responsible for tissue ablation will go a long way in putting this technology to better use. Embracing any new technology involves a
short learning curve. This curve should be respected. Similarly coblation too has a learning curve. All coblation surgeries that are described in this book have been personally performed by the author.
This book has been broken down into conveniently learnable chapters. Readers need not go through these chapters in an orderly manner because each chapter is so self contained that they can be considered as separate learning modules.
This book is entirely based on the experience of the author. It also reflects the views of the author about this technology.
In order to help the students I am publishing this e book titled “OSCE Notes in Otolaryngology”. This book can be freely downloaded and used by the students of otolaryngology.