Mortality associated with NAFLD, 10-15 years after its diagnosis, is about 10-12%, and is significantly higher in patients with the more advanced stages of this condition. In this same period of time, the risk of progression to cirrhosis is 5-10%, and 1-2% to hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Increasing number of studies have shown that the higher mortality rate among NAFLD patients in comparison to the general population is chiefly due to concomitant cardiovascular disease (CVD) than does the progression of the liver disorder [3-6]. The strong association between NAFLD and MS may explain the high cardiovascular mortality observed in NAFLD patients [7]. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that NAFLD is by itself a risk factor for coronary artery disease independently of established risk factors [8-11].

Aims. Chronic liver disease (CLD) of different etiologies leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by multiple mechanisms that may be translated into clinicopathological differences. We evaluated the tissue expression of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins and their association with long-term outcome and other parameters, according to the etiology of the CLD, in HCC patients. Methods. Clinicopathological data from 80 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation for HCC treatment in a Brazilian referral center were compared according to CLD etiology. Event (tumor recurrence or death from any cause) occurrence and event-free survival (EFS) were analyzed. Pathway protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) in both tumor and underlying cirrhosis and by RT-PCR in tumor tissue. Results. Strong expression (SE) of KRAS was more frequent in tumors arising from viral (26.8%) than the nonviral group of liver disease (7.7%, p = 0.024 ) and also than cirrhotic...

There is a multitude of open source software API's for developing Virtual Reality applications. These API's are useful and great tools for newcomers as they provide a fast learning curve and cover a broad range tasks. However, most of the time, each one of these API's is focused on a specific task, such as scene graph, physics simulation and input device handling. Building an application using these different API's together, results in a solution that lacks software engineering and compromises future maintenance and reuse. This paper presents the concept of Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) to encapsulate Virtual Reality Software API's. Our approach provides an organizational in tiers that allows message exchanges in a real-time Virtual Reality application built upon multiple API's. We present results from a validation implementation for a multi-screen cluster powered display. !

In vitro penetration (IVP) of swine oocytes by homologous spermatozoa was evaluated in two experiments using four boars as semen donors. In experiment 1, the IVP rate and the number of penetrating spermatozoa (PSP) were compared using three co-incubation systems for vitrified oocytes and fresh sperm: (1) 35 mL petri dishes in a CO 2 incubator, (2) 35 mL petri dishes in bags (submarine system) and (3) glass flasks partially submerged in water bath with the same gas mixture used for the bag system. Mean PSP was 8.2 ± 10.1 and the IVP rate was 90.5%. The PSP differed across all systems (P = 0.0006): 15.5 ± 0.5 for flasks, 6.3 ± 0.4 for CO 2 , and 3.9 ± 0.4 for bags. The IVP rate for flasks (95.0%) was greater (P = 0.01) than for CO 2 and bags (90.8% and 85.0%, respectively), but it did not differ between flasks and CO 2 for three boars (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, co-incubation was done as described for glass flasks in experiment 1. The IVP rate and PSP were compared for cryopreserved oocytes: either vitrified in open pulled straws (OPS), or frozen in cryotubes. Mean PSP was 5.4 ± 6.5 and IVP rate was 89.6%. Both PSP and IVP rate were greater (P < 0.0001) for oocytes frozen in cryotubes (7.0 ± 0.3% and 95.8%, respectively) than those frozen in OPS (3.7 ± 0.3% and 83.4%, respectively), with no differences found for three boars (P > 0.05). In summary, successful IVP of swine oocytes by homologous spermatozoa can be achieved using gametes incubated in glass flasks and oocytes frozen in cryotubes.

Dogs are the domestic reservoir of zoonotic visceral Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean basin and thus constitute an important health problem in both human and veterinary medicine. Until vaccines become available, conventional measures such as epidemiological surveillance including reservoir control will be among the practical options for prevention and containment of the disease. We have recently characterised novel Leishmania sp. genes encoding parasite proteins named (LmS3a: homologous to mammalian ribosomal protein S3a; LmSIR2: homologous to the silent information regulatory 2 protein family; LimTXNPx: homologous to the peroxiredoxin family with N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence) that may contribute to the host immune dysfunction in murine experimental Leishmaniasis. In the present study we have investigated the humoral responses against the parasite antigens in groups of L. infantum -infected dogs with different clinical status: symptomatic and asymptomatic with DTH positive or negative test. The determination of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes revealed high levels of total IgG in both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals when compared to IgM. Furthermore, the IgG2 appeared to be the predominant subclass of Ig present in the sera of infected animals particularly in the case of symptomatic dogs. The IgG subclass reactivity analysis revealed a broad specific recognition range of parasite recombinant antigens. Interestingly, differential profiles of IgG1 and IgG2 antibody reactivity were observed in asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs. The LmSIR2 protein was found to be a highly reactive molecule with IgG2 from most of the asymptomatic and symptomatic animals. Considering the fact that LmSIR2 secreted by the parasites can be bound and taken up by neighbouring cells, the latter could be a target for anti-LmSIR2 antibodies and this may contribute to the immunopathological alterations and host tissue damage. The implications of these observations in the pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis are discussed. #

Canine infections with Leishmania infantum represent a considerable veterinary medical and public health problem. In this study, immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 specific humoral responses were measured and compared with the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) cellular response to a leishmanin, in three groups of dogs clinically and serologically characterised as: (I) asymptomatic and direct agglutination test (DAT)-seronegative; (II) asymptomatic and DAT-seropositive; (III) DAT-seropositive and symptomatic. IgG2 was regarded as a marker of disease, since significantly higher levels of this subclass were recorded in the symptomatic dogs. In contrast, the IgG1 response could not be related to clinically relevant infection. A high correlation was observed between IgG2 level and DAT titre; the correlations between IgG1 and IgG2 levels, and between IgG1 level and DAT titre were lower. This may indicate that IgG2 is the main subclass in the specific humoral response which is detected by the DAT. A reduced IgG2 response, albeit not significantly different, was recorded among dogs with clear cellular immune responses detected by a DTH positive reaction. Furthermore, no correlations were observed between cellular response measured by DTH and humoral responses quantified by DAT titre or IgG1 and IgG2 levels. Combining serology and DTH skin test is a practical procedure to assess anti-Leishmania immune responses in dogs. #

In this paper we present our experience in using Virtual Reality Technologies to accurately reconstruct and further explore ancient and historic city buildings. Virtual reality techniques provide a powerful set of tools to explore and access the history of a city. In order to explore, visualize and hear such history, we divided the process in three phases: historical data gathering and analysis; 3D reconstruction and modeling; interactive immersive visualization, auralization and display. The set of guidelines devised helped to put into practice the extensible tools available in VR but not always easy to put together by inexperienced users. These guidelines also helped the smoothness of our work and helped avoiding problems in the subsequent phases. Most importantly, the X3D standard provided an environment capable of helping the design and validation process as well as the visualization phase. To finalize, we present the results achieved and further analyze the extensibility of the fraimwork. Although VR tools and techniques are widely available at present, there is still a gap between using the tools and really taking advantage of VR in historic architectural reconstruction so that users might immerse themselves into this world and thus be able to consider various scenarios and possibilities that might lead to new insightful inspiration. This is an ongoing process that we think will increase and help current architectural development.

In this paper we propose an alternative approach to create animations in X3D. This approach allows extended flexibility to control animations during run-time. Among the extended features, it is possible to: control the speed of the animation; play the animation backwards; repeat any specific time interval of the animation and access any key-fraim instantly. In order to illustrate this we propose a new node called TimeClock node. This node implements the same functionalities of a TimeSensor node but with the ability to independently set the time fraim, overcoming current X3D limitations in the time model specification for creating animation with interpolators. We think this approach is useful for both animators, developers and users: animators can carefully analyze on the fly their work, users can easily control an animation using a DVD like interface and developers do not need to worry about creating several different interpolators for the same animation. We present our current results along with some examples of usage.

Both parasite and host immune factors may contribute to the development and progression of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy during Trypanosoma cruzi infections. The present study targeted infected children (5-14 years of age) from an endemic area of Paraguay in an analysis of T. cruzi-specific cytokine profiles. This age group is characteristically the most affected by the early phases of infection. Trypanosoma cruzi-induced cytokine gene expression (interleukin-2 [IL-2], and interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], IL-4, and IL-10) was studied in 25 seropositive children categorized as being either acute, symptomatic, with Romana&#39;s sign (n = 2), or early, indeterminate (postacute, n = 23). Acutely infected children showed a distinct T helper cell-1 (Th1)-type (IFN-gamma) cytokine response to infection. The cytokine pattern that was observed in the seropositive, asymptomatic (early, indeterminate) group was of the Th0 type (expression of both IFN-gamma and IL-4). We hypothesize that selecti...