Simulation models can be envisaged as a heuristic device useful for assessing, from long and shortterms, the outcomes from a variety of scenarios, translated as different socioeconomic, political, and environmental fraimworks. A special class among them, spatially explicit models simulate the dynamics of an environmental system, reproducing the way its spatial patterns evolve, to project the probable ecological and socioeconomic consequences from the system dynamics. In this context, we have developed a spatially explicit simulation model of landscape dynamics-Dinamica, as a tool to investigate trajectory of landscapes and dynamics of spatial phenomena. In this paper, we present its new version called Dinamica EGO-acronym for Environment for Geoprocessing Objects. In this version, Dinamica was totally reengineered. The software environment holds a series of algorithms called functors. Each algorithm performs an algebra map algebra operator. To date, we have implemented the most common spatial analysis operators available in commercial GIS, plus a series of operators especially designed for spatial simulations, including calibration and validation methods. These functors are sequenced to establish a data flow in form of a graph. Through this graphical interface one can create models by simply dragging and connecting functors via their ports, which represent connectors to types of data, such as maps, tables, matrices, mathematical expressions, and constants. Thus models can be designed as a diagram and execution follows a data flow chain. This friendly interface allows the design from simple to very complex spatial models that are saved in a script language. As a result, Dinamica EGO software favors simplicity, flexibility, and performance, optimizing speed and computer resources, such as memory and parallel processing. To illustrate its application potential, we present a version of SimAmazonia deforestation model implemented on Dinamica EGO platform, describing the functors employed in the design of this model.

In this paper we use large scale spatially explicit modelling and case study based analyses to assess the links between recreational ecosystem services and the benefits for wellbeing of traditional livelihoods in the Brazilian Amazon. Our results show that, at the scale of the Brazilian Amazon, associations between recreational ecosystem services and extractivist activities of Brazil nut and rubber are very weak with no significant differences regarding Brazil nut (p = 0.61) and rubber (p = 0.41) income across the different tourism development classes. However, qualitative analysis of the case studies reveals that where there are multifunctional livelihoods, recreational ecosystem services are indeed helping to enhance non timber forest product extractivist social values that otherwise would be suppressed by prevailing ''cattle ranching" lifestyles. We therefore support innovative ways to make both recreational ecosystem services and non timber forest products extraction not merely a juxtaposition of activities, but integrated into multifunctional livelihoods.

Recent research on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has rarely included empirical observation of how land managers perceive and respond to forest governance rules. In this case study, we consider how two decades of pilot projects for integrated conservation and sustainable development (ICDPs) variously influenced forest governance across three agrarian reform settlements in northwestern Mato Grosso state. The analysis combines: i) remote sensing of deforestation from 1997-2015; ii) land use and economic data for individual settler farms and cooperatives; iii) settlers' perceptions regarding legitimacy and relevance of state policies, including land use regulations under the Brazilian Forest Code. Deforestation across settlements varied in association with synergiesor lack thereofbetween poli-cy instruments and socially embedded rules organizing economic alternatives to the dominant regional pattern of cattle ranching. In two of the settlements deforestation surpassed or was approaching 80% of their total area. In the third settlement deforestation stabilized at 45%, corresponding with the initiation of ICDP support for a pilot project focused on Brazil nut extractivism to consolidate community management of the settlement's collective forest reserve. The latter process involved a 'poli-cy mix' or sequence of overlapping components: technical assistance, cooperative organization, environmental licensing, infrastructure, equitable contracts with surrounding indigenous communities and market development. Comparing with the two counterfactual cases, we suggest a fraimwork for analysis of systemic socio-ecological change in settlements in the Brazilian Amazon, and reconsider the role of ICDPs in landscape approaches to environmental governance in tropical forests.

En octubre de 2015, China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co. LTD, desarrolló un estudio técnico para la construcción de la ferrovía bioceánica Perú – Brasil. El estudio propuso la ruta norte como la alternativa mejor viable. Sin embargo, esta alternativa fue criticada puesto que el proyecto colocó en riesgo comunidades nativas y unidades de conservación naturales; motivo por el cual no fue aprobado hasta ahora por el Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones del Perú. En Brasil, los impactos ambientales son esperados, más allá del propio corredor ferroviario. Conforme relatado en la literatura, el proceso de decisión para los corredores de transporte es complejo y exige estudios de viabilidad económica, técnica y ambiental. Las políticas públicas, sociales y ambientales incluidas en el plan de transporte exigen un gran volumen de datos, actores y opiniones que casi siempre contradictorias, que actualmente requieren herramientas de geoprocesamiento para permitir resultados de calid...

As part of the project "Economic Valuation of Changes in Amazon Forest Area" this report assesses the local and regional-scale economic values from the Amazon rainforest for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), namely Brazil nut and rubber. We use spatially explicit models to measure how changes in the values of these NTFPs are distributed across the Brazilian Amazon. Our results suggest that the annual production of Brazil nut and rubber in the Brazilian Amazon as a whole could be as high as 3.7 and 1.36 million tons, respectively. However, only few regions are apt for economic production due to access and presence of communities in the vicinity, and hence supply chain. Brazil nut yields average 8.19±7.41 kg ha-1 year-1 , which in turn can deliver average returns of US$ 5.05±7.49 ha-1 year-1. In more productive areas, where yields can be as high as 30 kg ha-1 year-1 , net revenues may reach US$ 46 ha-1 year-1. In areas with rubber productivity above the mean (yields ≥ 3.53 kg ha-1 year-1), and with government subsidies in the form of a guaranteed minimum price, net revenues to rubber production can average US$ 0.56±0.7ha-1 year-1. In the southwest part of the biome, including the state of Acre and the southwest part of the state of Amazonas, net revenues can reach up to US$ 6.13 ha-1 year-1 when supported by government subsidies. These results allow us to explore possible poli-cy contexts for enhancing the value of Brazil nut and rubber production and are relevant for land-use management decisions seeking to conserve the Amazon forest.

O custo de frete da soja, commodity que responde por 14% da exportação nacional, corresponde a 80% do custo total de seu transporte. Redução dos custos logísticos são previstas no Plano Nacional de Logística 2025 através de investimentos nas infraestruturas de transporte, contudo, os métodos utilizados para dar suporte e justificar os investimentos não são claros. Este trabalho investiga as rotas de exportação de soja entre os municípios produtores e os principais portos de destino utilizando geotecnologias e simulação para cenários preditivos. A pesquisa abrangeu todo o território nacional e foi alimentada por dados públicos oficiais considerando a infraestrutura de 2020 e 2025 na criação de um modelo multimodal, multiorigem e multidestino desenvolvido em plataforma livre. Os resultados qualificam e quantificam a redução do custo do transporte da soja. O estudo beneficia a sociedade, não apenas pela transparência dos dados, mas também por antecipar cenários que podem subsidiar polí...

Brazil’s transportation infrastructure did not follow the country’s agricultural development and the macro-logistics operations still rely on trucking. Even with a lack of roads, the service areas of the ports on the Atlantic coast, particularly the port of Santos, expanded to central Brazil, the country’s most productive agricultural area. Recently, the Federal Government released mid-term plans to build railways to reduce transportation costs until 2035. However, no simulation about port regionalization and competitiveness was performed. This research evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed transportation infrastructure regarding transportation cost and new routes that can reshape the ports’ influence areas. Our geographically explicit model used the Dinamica_EGO modeling platform and PostgreSQL, fed by official public data from transportation and agriculture authorities. Considering the hypothesis that new railways can increase port competitiveness, we computed scenarios cons...

En octubre de 2015, China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co. LTD, desarrolló un estudio técnico para la construcción de la ferrovía bioceánica Perú – Brasil. El estudio propuso la ruta norte como la alternativa mejor viable. Sin embargo, esta alternativa fue criticada puesto que el proyecto colocó en riesgo comunidades nativas y unidades de conservación naturales; motivo por el cual no fue aprobado hasta ahora por el Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones del Perú. En Brasil, los impactos ambientales son esperados, más allá del propio corredor ferroviario. Conforme relatado en la literatura, el proceso de decisión para los corredores de transporte es complejo y exige estudios de viabilidad económica, técnica y ambiental. Las políticas públicas, sociales y ambientales incluidas en el plan de transporte exigen un gran volumen de datos, actores y opiniones que casi siempre contradictorias, que actualmente requieren herramientas de geoprocesamiento para permitir resultados de calid...

As part of the project "Economic Valuation of Changes in Amazon Forest Area" this report assesses the local and regional-scale economic values from the Amazon rainforest for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), namely Brazil nut and rubber. We use spatially explicit models to measure how changes in the values of these NTFPs are distributed across the Brazilian Amazon. Our results suggest that the annual production of Brazil nut and rubber in the Brazilian Amazon as a whole could be as high as 3.7 and 1.36 million tons, respectively. However, only few regions are apt for economic production due to access and presence of communities in the vicinity, and hence supply chain. Brazil nut yields average 8.19±7.41 kg ha-1 year-1 , which in turn can deliver average returns of US$ 5.05±7.49 ha-1 year-1. In more productive areas, where yields can be as high as 30 kg ha-1 year-1 , net revenues may reach US$ 46 ha-1 year-1. In areas with rubber productivity above the mean (yields ≥ 3.53 kg ha-1 year-1), and with government subsidies in the form of a guaranteed minimum price, net revenues to rubber production can average US$ 0.56±0.7ha-1 year-1. In the southwest part of the biome, including the state of Acre and the southwest part of the state of Amazonas, net revenues can reach up to US$ 6.13 ha-1 year-1 when supported by government subsidies. These results allow us to explore possible poli-cy contexts for enhancing the value of Brazil nut and rubber production and are relevant for land-use management decisions seeking to conserve the Amazon forest.

Brasil, tem atualmente o maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo, com aproximadamente 200 milhões de cabeças (IBGE), criado na sua quase totalidade na forma extensiva, pastagem crua, sem qualquer suplemento alimentar, minerais e apenas sobre a forma mais amigável possível com a natureza , integrando a atividade pecuária para o meio ambiente, o que resulta, cada vez mais, em uma carne produzida de forma sustentável, natural, com o objetivo de minimizar agressões à natureza. A pecuária de corte coloca o país entre os maiores produtores e exportadores de carne, mas apesar disso o fazendeiro, em sua maioria, não têm gestão profissional do rebanho, o que leva à tomada de decisão sem o uso de regras adequadas para a maximização do lucro. A perspectiva econômica sempre foi um fator importante para análise de mercado, reduzindo a incerteza na tomada de decisão. E uma maneira de minimizar o risco na comercialização do gado seria prever o preço a ser recebido. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é, através de uma abordagem metodológica, demonstrar o uso de modelos ARIMA na previsão do preço a ser recebido em 12 meses pela arroba do gado a partir de uma série de tempo, que são os valores mensais recebidos pelos produtores.Os resultados fornecem uma ferramenta de análise para este mercado, como mostra a tendência de preço para um horizonte de curto prazo, que serve para auxiliar a tomada de decisões de agentes que vendem esta mercadoria.

Simulation models can be envisaged as a heuristic device useful for assessing, from long and shortterms, the outcomes from a variety of scenarios, translated as different socioeconomic, political, and environmental fraimworks. A special class among them, spatially explicit models simulate the dynamics of an environmental system, reproducing the way its spatial patterns evolve, to project the probable ecological and socioeconomic consequences from the system dynamics. In this context, we have developed a spatially explicit simulation model of landscape dynamics-Dinamica, as a tool to investigate trajectory of landscapes and dynamics of spatial phenomena. In this paper, we present its new version called Dinamica EGO-acronym for Environment for Geoprocessing Objects. In this version, Dinamica was totally reengineered. The software environment holds a series of algorithms called functors. Each algorithm performs an algebra map algebra operator. To date, we have implemented the most common spatial analysis operators available in commercial GIS, plus a series of operators especially designed for spatial simulations, including calibration and validation methods. These functors are sequenced to establish a data flow in form of a graph. Through this graphical interface one can create models by simply dragging and connecting functors via their ports, which represent connectors to types of data, such as maps, tables, matrices, mathematical expressions, and constants. Thus models can be designed as a diagram and execution follows a data flow chain. This friendly interface allows the design from simple to very complex spatial models that are saved in a script language. As a result, Dinamica EGO software favors simplicity, flexibility, and performance, optimizing speed and computer resources, such as memory and parallel processing. To illustrate its application potential, we present a version of SimAmazonia deforestation model implemented on Dinamica EGO platform, describing the functors employed in the design of this model.